Occurrence of Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> in Raw and Processed Milk: A Contribution to Human Exposure Assessment After 12 Years of Investigation
The aim of this study was to estimate the aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> (AFM<sub>1</sub>) contamination in raw milk and processed milk (pasteurized or UHT) collected from two regions in Italy (Puglia and Basilicata) during a 12-year period: 2012–2023. A total of 1017 milk samples w...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Simona Summa Sonia Lo Magro Valeria Vita Cinzia Franchino Valentina Scopece Pasqualino D’Antini Marco Iammarino Rita De Pace Marilena Muscarella |
| author_facet | Simona Summa Sonia Lo Magro Valeria Vita Cinzia Franchino Valentina Scopece Pasqualino D’Antini Marco Iammarino Rita De Pace Marilena Muscarella |
| author_sort | Simona Summa |
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| description | The aim of this study was to estimate the aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> (AFM<sub>1</sub>) contamination in raw milk and processed milk (pasteurized or UHT) collected from two regions in Italy (Puglia and Basilicata) during a 12-year period: 2012–2023. A total of 1017 milk samples were analyzed first proceeding with screening analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and suspected non-compliant samples (AFM<sub>1</sub> concentration higher than 0.042 µg/kg) were then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatographic with fluorimetric detection (HPLC/FLD) confirmation method. AFM<sub>1</sub> concentration ≥ 0.005 µg/kg (ELISA limit of quantitation) was detected in 553 of the 1017 milk samples (54.4%). AFM<sub>1</sub> levels exceeding the European Union maximum limit (ML) of 0.050 µg/kg were detected in 70 samples, 49 of which were determined as non-compliant samples (4.8%). Particularly high concentrations of AFM<sub>1</sub>, exceeding 200 µg/kg, were found in four samples, three raw milk and one pasteurized. Regarding this risk exposure study, only the MOE values obtained under “high exposure scenario” were lower than 10,000, while those calculated from the overall mean values resulted as not of concern. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj-art-fb3b0252713b4ff392d1c9ab623339a62025-01-24T13:21:04ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-01-0115285310.3390/app15020853Occurrence of Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> in Raw and Processed Milk: A Contribution to Human Exposure Assessment After 12 Years of InvestigationSimona Summa0Sonia Lo Magro1Valeria Vita2Cinzia Franchino3Valentina Scopece4Pasqualino D’Antini5Marco Iammarino6Rita De Pace7Marilena Muscarella8Chemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, ItalyChemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, ItalyChemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, ItalyChemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, ItalyChemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, ItalyChemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, ItalyChemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, ItalyChemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, ItalyChemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, ItalyThe aim of this study was to estimate the aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> (AFM<sub>1</sub>) contamination in raw milk and processed milk (pasteurized or UHT) collected from two regions in Italy (Puglia and Basilicata) during a 12-year period: 2012–2023. A total of 1017 milk samples were analyzed first proceeding with screening analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and suspected non-compliant samples (AFM<sub>1</sub> concentration higher than 0.042 µg/kg) were then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatographic with fluorimetric detection (HPLC/FLD) confirmation method. AFM<sub>1</sub> concentration ≥ 0.005 µg/kg (ELISA limit of quantitation) was detected in 553 of the 1017 milk samples (54.4%). AFM<sub>1</sub> levels exceeding the European Union maximum limit (ML) of 0.050 µg/kg were detected in 70 samples, 49 of which were determined as non-compliant samples (4.8%). Particularly high concentrations of AFM<sub>1</sub>, exceeding 200 µg/kg, were found in four samples, three raw milk and one pasteurized. Regarding this risk exposure study, only the MOE values obtained under “high exposure scenario” were lower than 10,000, while those calculated from the overall mean values resulted as not of concern.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/2/853aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub>ELISAfood safetyHPLC/FLDmilksurvey |
| spellingShingle | Simona Summa Sonia Lo Magro Valeria Vita Cinzia Franchino Valentina Scopece Pasqualino D’Antini Marco Iammarino Rita De Pace Marilena Muscarella Occurrence of Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> in Raw and Processed Milk: A Contribution to Human Exposure Assessment After 12 Years of Investigation Applied Sciences aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> ELISA food safety HPLC/FLD milk survey |
| title | Occurrence of Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> in Raw and Processed Milk: A Contribution to Human Exposure Assessment After 12 Years of Investigation |
| title_full | Occurrence of Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> in Raw and Processed Milk: A Contribution to Human Exposure Assessment After 12 Years of Investigation |
| title_fullStr | Occurrence of Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> in Raw and Processed Milk: A Contribution to Human Exposure Assessment After 12 Years of Investigation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Occurrence of Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> in Raw and Processed Milk: A Contribution to Human Exposure Assessment After 12 Years of Investigation |
| title_short | Occurrence of Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> in Raw and Processed Milk: A Contribution to Human Exposure Assessment After 12 Years of Investigation |
| title_sort | occurrence of aflatoxin m sub 1 sub in raw and processed milk a contribution to human exposure assessment after 12 years of investigation |
| topic | aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> ELISA food safety HPLC/FLD milk survey |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/2/853 |
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