Evaluation of Individual Cardiovascular Risk in Pre-Dialysis CKD Patients by Using the Ratio of Calcium–Phosphorus Product to Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (Ca × P/eGFR)
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), necessitating effective risk assessment methods. This study evaluates the calcium–phosphorus product (Ca × P) to estimated glomerular filtration rate (Ca × P/eGFR) ratio as a potential biomarker...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| author | Krasimir Kostov Tatyana Simeonova Borislav Ignatov Tsvetelina Eftimova |
| author_facet | Krasimir Kostov Tatyana Simeonova Borislav Ignatov Tsvetelina Eftimova |
| author_sort | Krasimir Kostov |
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| description | Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), necessitating effective risk assessment methods. This study evaluates the calcium–phosphorus product (Ca × P) to estimated glomerular filtration rate (Ca × P/eGFR) ratio as a potential biomarker for predicting CV risk in pre-dialysis CKD patients. Methods: Eighty-four CKD patients in stages G1–G4, according to the KDIGO criteria, were classified into CVD (<i>n</i> = 43) and non-CVD (<i>n</i> = 41) groups. Biochemical parameters, including serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphate (Pi), parathyroid hormone (PTH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Ca × P, eGFR, and the Ca × P/eGFR ratio, were measured and calculated. Statistical analyses were performed to identify predictors of CV risk and evaluate the diagnostic reliability of the Ca × P/eGFR ratio for predicting the risk. Results: Significant differences were observed in SCr, BUN, eGFR (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and the Ca × P/eGFR ratio (<i>p</i> = 0.007) between the groups. Regression analysis indicated the Ca × P/eGFR ratio as a significant CVD risk predictor (<i>p</i> = 0.012, OR = 1.206, 95% CI: 1.042–1.395). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed an AUC of 0.751 (<i>p</i> < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.645–0.857), with a sensitivity and specificity of the method of 74.4% and 70.7%, respectively. Significant correlations were found between the Ca × P/eGFR ratio and SCr, BUN, UA, Ca, Pi, PTH, and ALP. Conclusions: The Ca × P/eGFR ratio may serve as a significant predictor of CVD risk in pre-dialysis CKD patients, suggesting that its integration into routine evaluations could enhance CV risk stratification and management. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fa2f5f97aee1497b923d50652fd3f79e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj-art-fa2f5f97aee1497b923d50652fd3f79e2025-01-24T13:24:30ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592025-01-0113123510.3390/biomedicines13010235Evaluation of Individual Cardiovascular Risk in Pre-Dialysis CKD Patients by Using the Ratio of Calcium–Phosphorus Product to Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (Ca × P/eGFR)Krasimir Kostov0Tatyana Simeonova1Borislav Ignatov2Tsvetelina Eftimova3Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University-Pleven, 1 Kliment Ohridski Str., 5800 Pleven, BulgariaDepartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University-Pleven, 1 Kliment Ohridski Str., 5800 Pleven, BulgariaDepartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University-Pleven, 1 Kliment Ohridski Str., 5800 Pleven, BulgariaHemodialysis Unit, St. Marina Hospital, 5800 Pleven, BulgariaBackground: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), necessitating effective risk assessment methods. This study evaluates the calcium–phosphorus product (Ca × P) to estimated glomerular filtration rate (Ca × P/eGFR) ratio as a potential biomarker for predicting CV risk in pre-dialysis CKD patients. Methods: Eighty-four CKD patients in stages G1–G4, according to the KDIGO criteria, were classified into CVD (<i>n</i> = 43) and non-CVD (<i>n</i> = 41) groups. Biochemical parameters, including serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphate (Pi), parathyroid hormone (PTH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Ca × P, eGFR, and the Ca × P/eGFR ratio, were measured and calculated. Statistical analyses were performed to identify predictors of CV risk and evaluate the diagnostic reliability of the Ca × P/eGFR ratio for predicting the risk. Results: Significant differences were observed in SCr, BUN, eGFR (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and the Ca × P/eGFR ratio (<i>p</i> = 0.007) between the groups. Regression analysis indicated the Ca × P/eGFR ratio as a significant CVD risk predictor (<i>p</i> = 0.012, OR = 1.206, 95% CI: 1.042–1.395). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed an AUC of 0.751 (<i>p</i> < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.645–0.857), with a sensitivity and specificity of the method of 74.4% and 70.7%, respectively. Significant correlations were found between the Ca × P/eGFR ratio and SCr, BUN, UA, Ca, Pi, PTH, and ALP. Conclusions: The Ca × P/eGFR ratio may serve as a significant predictor of CVD risk in pre-dialysis CKD patients, suggesting that its integration into routine evaluations could enhance CV risk stratification and management.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/1/235chronic kidney diseasecardiorenal syndrome type 4cardiovascular riskbiomarkers of kidney function |
| spellingShingle | Krasimir Kostov Tatyana Simeonova Borislav Ignatov Tsvetelina Eftimova Evaluation of Individual Cardiovascular Risk in Pre-Dialysis CKD Patients by Using the Ratio of Calcium–Phosphorus Product to Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (Ca × P/eGFR) Biomedicines chronic kidney disease cardiorenal syndrome type 4 cardiovascular risk biomarkers of kidney function |
| title | Evaluation of Individual Cardiovascular Risk in Pre-Dialysis CKD Patients by Using the Ratio of Calcium–Phosphorus Product to Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (Ca × P/eGFR) |
| title_full | Evaluation of Individual Cardiovascular Risk in Pre-Dialysis CKD Patients by Using the Ratio of Calcium–Phosphorus Product to Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (Ca × P/eGFR) |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Individual Cardiovascular Risk in Pre-Dialysis CKD Patients by Using the Ratio of Calcium–Phosphorus Product to Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (Ca × P/eGFR) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Individual Cardiovascular Risk in Pre-Dialysis CKD Patients by Using the Ratio of Calcium–Phosphorus Product to Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (Ca × P/eGFR) |
| title_short | Evaluation of Individual Cardiovascular Risk in Pre-Dialysis CKD Patients by Using the Ratio of Calcium–Phosphorus Product to Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (Ca × P/eGFR) |
| title_sort | evaluation of individual cardiovascular risk in pre dialysis ckd patients by using the ratio of calcium phosphorus product to estimated glomerular filtration rate ca p egfr |
| topic | chronic kidney disease cardiorenal syndrome type 4 cardiovascular risk biomarkers of kidney function |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/1/235 |
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