Green method for quantification of clindamycin in capsules by National Environmental Methods Index, Eco-Scale Assessment and Analytical GREEnness Metric
Clindamycin (CLIN) is an antibiotic derived from lincosamide, produced from Streptomyces lincolnensis. Studies in the literature demonstrate that the evaluation of this drug, although effective, predominantly uses analytical conditions with the use of toxic solvents, which are against the principle...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Drug Analytical Research |
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| Online Access: | https://seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/dar/article/view/147142 |
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| author | Isadora Lustosa Ana Kogawa |
| author_facet | Isadora Lustosa Ana Kogawa |
| author_sort | Isadora Lustosa |
| collection | DOAJ |
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Clindamycin (CLIN) is an antibiotic derived from lincosamide, produced from Streptomyces lincolnensis. Studies in the literature demonstrate that the evaluation of this drug, although effective, predominantly uses analytical conditions with the use of toxic solvents, which are against the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC). In this context, the objective was to develop and validate an eco-friendly method by spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet (UV) region for the quantitative evaluation of CLIN in capsules. In addition, the proposed method was evaluated for greenness by the National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), Ecological Scale Assessment (ESA) and Analytical GREEnness Metric (AGREE). Purified water and ethanol (50:50, v/v), quartz cuvette and wavelength of 318 nm and potassium permanganate as an oxidizing agent were used. The method was linear in the range of 0.5 to 5 µg mL-1 (0.9998), precise (RSD < 5 %); selective through spectral overlap and forced degradation; accurate (99.85%); robust to changes in wavelength and cuvette capacity; content analysis was of 102.55 % and NEMI presented all 4 green quadrants; ESA, score of 79, which characterizes an excellent green analysis; and AGREE score of 0.8, thus characterizing it as a green method through the 12 GAC principles. The method was developed and validated and can be used for quantitative evaluation of CLIN in capsules. Furthermore, the method was considered green through the greenness profiling tools NEMI, ESA and AGREE.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f94c75fc72e94de4b460438fe21d353d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2527-2616 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Drug Analytical Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-f94c75fc72e94de4b460438fe21d353d2025-08-20T03:27:40ZengUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulDrug Analytical Research2527-26162025-07-019110.22456/2527-2616.147142Green method for quantification of clindamycin in capsules by National Environmental Methods Index, Eco-Scale Assessment and Analytical GREEnness MetricIsadora Lustosa0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7203-9682Ana Kogawa1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2834-6532Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás -UFG, Goiânia, Goiás, BrazilFaculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás -UFG, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil Clindamycin (CLIN) is an antibiotic derived from lincosamide, produced from Streptomyces lincolnensis. Studies in the literature demonstrate that the evaluation of this drug, although effective, predominantly uses analytical conditions with the use of toxic solvents, which are against the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC). In this context, the objective was to develop and validate an eco-friendly method by spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet (UV) region for the quantitative evaluation of CLIN in capsules. In addition, the proposed method was evaluated for greenness by the National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), Ecological Scale Assessment (ESA) and Analytical GREEnness Metric (AGREE). Purified water and ethanol (50:50, v/v), quartz cuvette and wavelength of 318 nm and potassium permanganate as an oxidizing agent were used. The method was linear in the range of 0.5 to 5 µg mL-1 (0.9998), precise (RSD < 5 %); selective through spectral overlap and forced degradation; accurate (99.85%); robust to changes in wavelength and cuvette capacity; content analysis was of 102.55 % and NEMI presented all 4 green quadrants; ESA, score of 79, which characterizes an excellent green analysis; and AGREE score of 0.8, thus characterizing it as a green method through the 12 GAC principles. The method was developed and validated and can be used for quantitative evaluation of CLIN in capsules. Furthermore, the method was considered green through the greenness profiling tools NEMI, ESA and AGREE. https://seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/dar/article/view/147142clindamycinEco-Scale AssessmentNational Environmental Methods IndexAnalytical GREEnness |
| spellingShingle | Isadora Lustosa Ana Kogawa Green method for quantification of clindamycin in capsules by National Environmental Methods Index, Eco-Scale Assessment and Analytical GREEnness Metric Drug Analytical Research clindamycin Eco-Scale Assessment National Environmental Methods Index Analytical GREEnness |
| title | Green method for quantification of clindamycin in capsules by National Environmental Methods Index, Eco-Scale Assessment and Analytical GREEnness Metric |
| title_full | Green method for quantification of clindamycin in capsules by National Environmental Methods Index, Eco-Scale Assessment and Analytical GREEnness Metric |
| title_fullStr | Green method for quantification of clindamycin in capsules by National Environmental Methods Index, Eco-Scale Assessment and Analytical GREEnness Metric |
| title_full_unstemmed | Green method for quantification of clindamycin in capsules by National Environmental Methods Index, Eco-Scale Assessment and Analytical GREEnness Metric |
| title_short | Green method for quantification of clindamycin in capsules by National Environmental Methods Index, Eco-Scale Assessment and Analytical GREEnness Metric |
| title_sort | green method for quantification of clindamycin in capsules by national environmental methods index eco scale assessment and analytical greenness metric |
| topic | clindamycin Eco-Scale Assessment National Environmental Methods Index Analytical GREEnness |
| url | https://seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/dar/article/view/147142 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT isadoralustosa greenmethodforquantificationofclindamycinincapsulesbynationalenvironmentalmethodsindexecoscaleassessmentandanalyticalgreennessmetric AT anakogawa greenmethodforquantificationofclindamycinincapsulesbynationalenvironmentalmethodsindexecoscaleassessmentandanalyticalgreennessmetric |