An Update on Anti-COVID-19 Vaccines and the Challenges to Protect Against New SARS-CoV-2 Variants
The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a significant threat to global health systems, with extensive impacts across many sectors of society. The pandemic has been responsible for millions of deaths worldwide since its first identification in late 2019. Several actions have been taken to prevent the disease...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/14/1/23 |
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| author | Fábio Mambelli Ana Carolina V. S. C. de Araujo Jéssica P. Farias Kivia Q. de Andrade Luis C. S. Ferreira Paola Minoprio Luciana C. C. Leite Sergio C. Oliveira |
| author_facet | Fábio Mambelli Ana Carolina V. S. C. de Araujo Jéssica P. Farias Kivia Q. de Andrade Luis C. S. Ferreira Paola Minoprio Luciana C. C. Leite Sergio C. Oliveira |
| author_sort | Fábio Mambelli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a significant threat to global health systems, with extensive impacts across many sectors of society. The pandemic has been responsible for millions of deaths worldwide since its first identification in late 2019. Several actions have been taken to prevent the disease, including the unprecedented fast development and global vaccination campaigns, which were pivotal in reducing symptoms and deaths. Given the impact of the pandemic, the continuous changes of the virus, and present vaccine technologies, this review analyzes how, so far, we have met the challenge posed by the emergence of new variants and discusses how next-generation pan-coronavirus vaccines, with enhanced longevity and breadth of immune responses, may be tackled with alternative administration routes and antigen delivery platforms. By addressing these critical aspects, this review aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts to achieve long-term control of COVID-19, stimulating the discussion and work on next-generation vaccines capable of facing future waves of infection. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f8ecf6aea22344c3b1c39f31bfa78f22 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj-art-f8ecf6aea22344c3b1c39f31bfa78f222025-01-24T13:44:38ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172025-01-011412310.3390/pathogens14010023An Update on Anti-COVID-19 Vaccines and the Challenges to Protect Against New SARS-CoV-2 VariantsFábio Mambelli0Ana Carolina V. S. C. de Araujo1Jéssica P. Farias2Kivia Q. de Andrade3Luis C. S. Ferreira4Paola Minoprio5Luciana C. C. Leite6Sergio C. Oliveira7Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, BrazilDepartamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, BrazilDepartamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, BrazilDepartamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, BrazilInstitut Pasteur de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-020, BrazilInstitut Pasteur de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-020, BrazilLaboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, BrazilDepartamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, BrazilThe COVID-19 pandemic has posed a significant threat to global health systems, with extensive impacts across many sectors of society. The pandemic has been responsible for millions of deaths worldwide since its first identification in late 2019. Several actions have been taken to prevent the disease, including the unprecedented fast development and global vaccination campaigns, which were pivotal in reducing symptoms and deaths. Given the impact of the pandemic, the continuous changes of the virus, and present vaccine technologies, this review analyzes how, so far, we have met the challenge posed by the emergence of new variants and discusses how next-generation pan-coronavirus vaccines, with enhanced longevity and breadth of immune responses, may be tackled with alternative administration routes and antigen delivery platforms. By addressing these critical aspects, this review aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts to achieve long-term control of COVID-19, stimulating the discussion and work on next-generation vaccines capable of facing future waves of infection.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/14/1/23COVID-19SARS-CoV-2vaccinevariantsmucosalBCG |
| spellingShingle | Fábio Mambelli Ana Carolina V. S. C. de Araujo Jéssica P. Farias Kivia Q. de Andrade Luis C. S. Ferreira Paola Minoprio Luciana C. C. Leite Sergio C. Oliveira An Update on Anti-COVID-19 Vaccines and the Challenges to Protect Against New SARS-CoV-2 Variants Pathogens COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine variants mucosal BCG |
| title | An Update on Anti-COVID-19 Vaccines and the Challenges to Protect Against New SARS-CoV-2 Variants |
| title_full | An Update on Anti-COVID-19 Vaccines and the Challenges to Protect Against New SARS-CoV-2 Variants |
| title_fullStr | An Update on Anti-COVID-19 Vaccines and the Challenges to Protect Against New SARS-CoV-2 Variants |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Update on Anti-COVID-19 Vaccines and the Challenges to Protect Against New SARS-CoV-2 Variants |
| title_short | An Update on Anti-COVID-19 Vaccines and the Challenges to Protect Against New SARS-CoV-2 Variants |
| title_sort | update on anti covid 19 vaccines and the challenges to protect against new sars cov 2 variants |
| topic | COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine variants mucosal BCG |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/14/1/23 |
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