Alkali metal salt modulated visible photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by g-C3N4: Degradation pathway, mechanism and toxicity assessment
The frequent occurrence of tetracycline antibiotics in natural water systems poses a substantial risk to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Achieving efficient degradation of tetracyclines in aqueous environments using visible light is therefore of critical importance. In this study, CaCl2-modifie...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2025-01-01
|
| Series: | Results in Chemistry |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221171562500030X |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1832583130363461632 |
|---|---|
| author | Yujie Jiao Sujin Lu Ru Li Qikai Liu Yongxia Ma Fei Fu Yaqi Mao Yang Liu |
| author_facet | Yujie Jiao Sujin Lu Ru Li Qikai Liu Yongxia Ma Fei Fu Yaqi Mao Yang Liu |
| author_sort | Yujie Jiao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The frequent occurrence of tetracycline antibiotics in natural water systems poses a substantial risk to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Achieving efficient degradation of tetracyclines in aqueous environments using visible light is therefore of critical importance. In this study, CaCl2-modified melamine precursors were employed to synthesize CaCNx with varied microstructures through molten salt-assisted calcination, enabling high-efficiency visible-light-driven degradation of tetracycline in water. The results indicated that CaCNx demonstrated remarkable catalytic performance in degrading TC-HCl, with CaCN1 synthesized using 1 mol/L CaCl2 in the precursor exhibiting the highest degradation efficiency, achieving a rate 3.58 times greater than that of CN. In the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) by CaCN1, ·O2− was identified as playing a more significant role than ·OH. Furthermore, LC-MS analysis detected seven degradation by-products, which enabled the proposal of a degradation mechanism and two pathways for TC-HCl degradation by CaCN1. Toxicity validation tests revealed that the TC-HCl prodrug caused acute toxicity (p < 0.0001) to Chlorella vulgaris (p < 0.001) and Vibrio fischeri (p < 0.001), whereas its acute toxicity to C. vulgaris (p < 0.01) and V. fischeri (p < 0.01) was significantly reduced following degradation. This study presents a straightforward and efficient approach for visible light-driven degradation of tetracycline in situ within aqueous environments. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f866b4684b0e404cacc4eb351821f70a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2211-7156 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Results in Chemistry |
| spelling | doaj-art-f866b4684b0e404cacc4eb351821f70a2025-01-29T05:01:08ZengElsevierResults in Chemistry2211-71562025-01-0113102047Alkali metal salt modulated visible photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by g-C3N4: Degradation pathway, mechanism and toxicity assessmentYujie Jiao0Sujin Lu1Ru Li2Qikai Liu3Yongxia Ma4Fei Fu5Yaqi Mao6Yang Liu7College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016 PR ChinaCollege of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016 PR ChinaCollege of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016 PR ChinaCollege of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016 PR ChinaCollege of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016 PR ChinaCollege of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016 PR ChinaCollege of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016 PR China; Corresponding author.College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016 PR China; Key Laboratory of Plateau Cold-water Fish Culture and Eco-environmental Conservation (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Qinghai University, Xining 810016 PR China; Corresponding author at: College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, PR China.The frequent occurrence of tetracycline antibiotics in natural water systems poses a substantial risk to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Achieving efficient degradation of tetracyclines in aqueous environments using visible light is therefore of critical importance. In this study, CaCl2-modified melamine precursors were employed to synthesize CaCNx with varied microstructures through molten salt-assisted calcination, enabling high-efficiency visible-light-driven degradation of tetracycline in water. The results indicated that CaCNx demonstrated remarkable catalytic performance in degrading TC-HCl, with CaCN1 synthesized using 1 mol/L CaCl2 in the precursor exhibiting the highest degradation efficiency, achieving a rate 3.58 times greater than that of CN. In the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) by CaCN1, ·O2− was identified as playing a more significant role than ·OH. Furthermore, LC-MS analysis detected seven degradation by-products, which enabled the proposal of a degradation mechanism and two pathways for TC-HCl degradation by CaCN1. Toxicity validation tests revealed that the TC-HCl prodrug caused acute toxicity (p < 0.0001) to Chlorella vulgaris (p < 0.001) and Vibrio fischeri (p < 0.001), whereas its acute toxicity to C. vulgaris (p < 0.01) and V. fischeri (p < 0.01) was significantly reduced following degradation. This study presents a straightforward and efficient approach for visible light-driven degradation of tetracycline in situ within aqueous environments.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221171562500030Xg-C3N4PhotocatalysisTC-HClDegradation mechanismDegradation pathwayToxicity assessment |
| spellingShingle | Yujie Jiao Sujin Lu Ru Li Qikai Liu Yongxia Ma Fei Fu Yaqi Mao Yang Liu Alkali metal salt modulated visible photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by g-C3N4: Degradation pathway, mechanism and toxicity assessment Results in Chemistry g-C3N4 Photocatalysis TC-HCl Degradation mechanism Degradation pathway Toxicity assessment |
| title | Alkali metal salt modulated visible photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by g-C3N4: Degradation pathway, mechanism and toxicity assessment |
| title_full | Alkali metal salt modulated visible photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by g-C3N4: Degradation pathway, mechanism and toxicity assessment |
| title_fullStr | Alkali metal salt modulated visible photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by g-C3N4: Degradation pathway, mechanism and toxicity assessment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Alkali metal salt modulated visible photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by g-C3N4: Degradation pathway, mechanism and toxicity assessment |
| title_short | Alkali metal salt modulated visible photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by g-C3N4: Degradation pathway, mechanism and toxicity assessment |
| title_sort | alkali metal salt modulated visible photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by g c3n4 degradation pathway mechanism and toxicity assessment |
| topic | g-C3N4 Photocatalysis TC-HCl Degradation mechanism Degradation pathway Toxicity assessment |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221171562500030X |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yujiejiao alkalimetalsaltmodulatedvisiblephotocatalyticdegradationoftetracyclinehydrochloridebygc3n4degradationpathwaymechanismandtoxicityassessment AT sujinlu alkalimetalsaltmodulatedvisiblephotocatalyticdegradationoftetracyclinehydrochloridebygc3n4degradationpathwaymechanismandtoxicityassessment AT ruli alkalimetalsaltmodulatedvisiblephotocatalyticdegradationoftetracyclinehydrochloridebygc3n4degradationpathwaymechanismandtoxicityassessment AT qikailiu alkalimetalsaltmodulatedvisiblephotocatalyticdegradationoftetracyclinehydrochloridebygc3n4degradationpathwaymechanismandtoxicityassessment AT yongxiama alkalimetalsaltmodulatedvisiblephotocatalyticdegradationoftetracyclinehydrochloridebygc3n4degradationpathwaymechanismandtoxicityassessment AT feifu alkalimetalsaltmodulatedvisiblephotocatalyticdegradationoftetracyclinehydrochloridebygc3n4degradationpathwaymechanismandtoxicityassessment AT yaqimao alkalimetalsaltmodulatedvisiblephotocatalyticdegradationoftetracyclinehydrochloridebygc3n4degradationpathwaymechanismandtoxicityassessment AT yangliu alkalimetalsaltmodulatedvisiblephotocatalyticdegradationoftetracyclinehydrochloridebygc3n4degradationpathwaymechanismandtoxicityassessment |