Development and Characterization of Lyophilized Chondroitin Sulfate-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Encapsulation Efficiency and Stability
This study explores the development and characterization of lyophilized chondroitin sulfate (CHON)-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as an innovative platform for advanced drug delivery. <b>Background/Objectives:</b> Solid lipid nanoparticles are increasingly recognized for their bi...
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| author | Marta E. Bustos Araya Anna Nardi Ricart Ana C. Calpena Campmany Rafel Prohens Montserrat Miñarro Carmona |
| author_facet | Marta E. Bustos Araya Anna Nardi Ricart Ana C. Calpena Campmany Rafel Prohens Montserrat Miñarro Carmona |
| author_sort | Marta E. Bustos Araya |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study explores the development and characterization of lyophilized chondroitin sulfate (CHON)-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as an innovative platform for advanced drug delivery. <b>Background/Objectives:</b> Solid lipid nanoparticles are increasingly recognized for their biocompatibility, their ability to encapsulate diverse compounds, their capacity to enhance drug stability, their bioavailability, and their therapeutic efficacy. <b>Methods:</b> CHON, a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan with anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties, was integrated into SLN formulations using the hot microemulsion technique. Two formulations (SLN-1 and SLN-2) were produced and optimized by evaluating critical physicochemical properties such as particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE%), and stability. The lyophilization process, with the addition of various cryoprotectants, revealed trehalose to be the most effective agent in maintaining nanoparticle integrity and functional properties. <b>Results:</b> Morphological analyses using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed the dimensions of the nanoscales and their structural uniformity. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed minimal excipient interaction with CHON, ensuring formulation stability. Stability studies under different environmental conditions highlighted that SLN-2 is the most stable formulation, maintaining superior encapsulation efficiency (≥88%) and particle size consistency over time. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings underscore the potential of CHON-loaded SLNs as promising candidates for targeted, sustained-release therapies in the treatment of inflammatory and degenerative diseases. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f58979ae326c4573aa8a0ace4233b685 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj-art-f58979ae326c4573aa8a0ace4233b6852025-01-24T13:45:53ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232025-01-011718610.3390/pharmaceutics17010086Development and Characterization of Lyophilized Chondroitin Sulfate-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Encapsulation Efficiency and StabilityMarta E. Bustos Araya0Anna Nardi Ricart1Ana C. Calpena Campmany2Rafel Prohens3Montserrat Miñarro Carmona4Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa RicaPharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physico-Chemical Department, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, SpainPharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physico-Chemical Department, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, SpainLaboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, SpainPharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physico-Chemical Department, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, SpainThis study explores the development and characterization of lyophilized chondroitin sulfate (CHON)-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as an innovative platform for advanced drug delivery. <b>Background/Objectives:</b> Solid lipid nanoparticles are increasingly recognized for their biocompatibility, their ability to encapsulate diverse compounds, their capacity to enhance drug stability, their bioavailability, and their therapeutic efficacy. <b>Methods:</b> CHON, a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan with anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties, was integrated into SLN formulations using the hot microemulsion technique. Two formulations (SLN-1 and SLN-2) were produced and optimized by evaluating critical physicochemical properties such as particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE%), and stability. The lyophilization process, with the addition of various cryoprotectants, revealed trehalose to be the most effective agent in maintaining nanoparticle integrity and functional properties. <b>Results:</b> Morphological analyses using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed the dimensions of the nanoscales and their structural uniformity. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed minimal excipient interaction with CHON, ensuring formulation stability. Stability studies under different environmental conditions highlighted that SLN-2 is the most stable formulation, maintaining superior encapsulation efficiency (≥88%) and particle size consistency over time. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings underscore the potential of CHON-loaded SLNs as promising candidates for targeted, sustained-release therapies in the treatment of inflammatory and degenerative diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/17/1/86solid lipid nanoparticleschondroitin sulfatelyophilizationstability studiesencapsulation efficiency |
| spellingShingle | Marta E. Bustos Araya Anna Nardi Ricart Ana C. Calpena Campmany Rafel Prohens Montserrat Miñarro Carmona Development and Characterization of Lyophilized Chondroitin Sulfate-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Encapsulation Efficiency and Stability Pharmaceutics solid lipid nanoparticles chondroitin sulfate lyophilization stability studies encapsulation efficiency |
| title | Development and Characterization of Lyophilized Chondroitin Sulfate-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Encapsulation Efficiency and Stability |
| title_full | Development and Characterization of Lyophilized Chondroitin Sulfate-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Encapsulation Efficiency and Stability |
| title_fullStr | Development and Characterization of Lyophilized Chondroitin Sulfate-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Encapsulation Efficiency and Stability |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development and Characterization of Lyophilized Chondroitin Sulfate-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Encapsulation Efficiency and Stability |
| title_short | Development and Characterization of Lyophilized Chondroitin Sulfate-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Encapsulation Efficiency and Stability |
| title_sort | development and characterization of lyophilized chondroitin sulfate loaded solid lipid nanoparticles encapsulation efficiency and stability |
| topic | solid lipid nanoparticles chondroitin sulfate lyophilization stability studies encapsulation efficiency |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/17/1/86 |
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