Mucosal Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Using Human Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Spores as an Adjuvant Induces Potent Systemic and Mucosal Immunity

Mucosal Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Using Human Probiotic <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Spores as an Adjuvant Induces Potent Systemic and Mucosal Immunity

<b>Background/Objectives</b>: The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted the limitations of parenteral vaccines in preventing viral transmission, largely due to their failure to elicit robust mucosal immunity. <b>Methods</b>: Here, we evaluated an intranasal (IN) vac...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Raul Ramos Pupo, Laura M. Reyes Diaz, Gisela M. Suarez Formigo, Yusnaby Borrego Gonzalez, Miriam Lastre Gonzalez, Danay Saavedra Hernandez, Tania Crombet Ramos, Belinda Sanchez Ramirez, Roberto Grau, Niels Hellings, Piet Stinissen, Oliver Perez, Jeroen F. J. Bogie
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Vaccines
Subjects:
COVID-19
mucosal vaccination
<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> spores
systemic and mucosal immunity
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/7/772
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