Practical considerations for DNA sensing using Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on ENIG PCB electrodes
Electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) finish printed circuit board (PCB) substrates offer a cost-effective solution for electrochemical sensing of biomolecules. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is highly sensitive and can differentiate between bioelectrochemical circuit elements over...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259013702400133X |
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| author | Shruti Ahuja Avani Kulkarni Richa Pandey Kiran Kondabagil Siddharth Tallur |
| author_facet | Shruti Ahuja Avani Kulkarni Richa Pandey Kiran Kondabagil Siddharth Tallur |
| author_sort | Shruti Ahuja |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) finish printed circuit board (PCB) substrates offer a cost-effective solution for electrochemical sensing of biomolecules. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is highly sensitive and can differentiate between bioelectrochemical circuit elements over a wide frequency range. Traditional Faradaic EIS measurements often focus on charge transfer resistance (Rct) to determine analyte concentration. However, the long measurement time required to perform such EIS measurements down to very low frequencies (typically 0.1Hz) can adversely affect the ENIG PCB due to gold layer degradation and copper corrosion. To overcome these issues, we propose using the constant phase element (CPE) in the electrical equivalent circuit in EIS measurements for DNA sensing. Our approach employs ENIG PCB electrodes functionalized with thiolated single-stranded DNA probes targeting the uidA gene of E. coli. We evaluate the specificity of this sensing scheme to a 166bp complementary amplicon from E. coli against non-complementary amplicons of different lengths from E. coli and bacteriophage Phi6. By operating at higher frequencies (>10Hz), CPE analysis reduces measurement times and minimizes the risk of PCB degradation. Preliminary findings indicate that the CPE impedance exhibits concentration-dependent changes with increasing target DNA concentrations. We also present preliminary results for utilizing this sensing mechanism to detect E. coli from wastewater samples. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f3d62eaa12a74fee882eaf263cdb37da |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2590-1370 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X |
| spelling | doaj-art-f3d62eaa12a74fee882eaf263cdb37da2025-01-22T05:43:54ZengElsevierBiosensors and Bioelectronics: X2590-13702025-03-0122100569Practical considerations for DNA sensing using Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on ENIG PCB electrodesShruti Ahuja0Avani Kulkarni1Richa Pandey2Kiran Kondabagil3Siddharth Tallur4Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS), IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Corresponding authors.Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, IndiaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, CanadaDepartment of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, IndiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Corresponding authors.Electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) finish printed circuit board (PCB) substrates offer a cost-effective solution for electrochemical sensing of biomolecules. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is highly sensitive and can differentiate between bioelectrochemical circuit elements over a wide frequency range. Traditional Faradaic EIS measurements often focus on charge transfer resistance (Rct) to determine analyte concentration. However, the long measurement time required to perform such EIS measurements down to very low frequencies (typically 0.1Hz) can adversely affect the ENIG PCB due to gold layer degradation and copper corrosion. To overcome these issues, we propose using the constant phase element (CPE) in the electrical equivalent circuit in EIS measurements for DNA sensing. Our approach employs ENIG PCB electrodes functionalized with thiolated single-stranded DNA probes targeting the uidA gene of E. coli. We evaluate the specificity of this sensing scheme to a 166bp complementary amplicon from E. coli against non-complementary amplicons of different lengths from E. coli and bacteriophage Phi6. By operating at higher frequencies (>10Hz), CPE analysis reduces measurement times and minimizes the risk of PCB degradation. Preliminary findings indicate that the CPE impedance exhibits concentration-dependent changes with increasing target DNA concentrations. We also present preliminary results for utilizing this sensing mechanism to detect E. coli from wastewater samples.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259013702400133XElectroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) PCB electrodeElectrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)DNA sensingConstant phase element (CPE)Wastewater epidemiology |
| spellingShingle | Shruti Ahuja Avani Kulkarni Richa Pandey Kiran Kondabagil Siddharth Tallur Practical considerations for DNA sensing using Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on ENIG PCB electrodes Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X Electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) PCB electrode Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) DNA sensing Constant phase element (CPE) Wastewater epidemiology |
| title | Practical considerations for DNA sensing using Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on ENIG PCB electrodes |
| title_full | Practical considerations for DNA sensing using Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on ENIG PCB electrodes |
| title_fullStr | Practical considerations for DNA sensing using Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on ENIG PCB electrodes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Practical considerations for DNA sensing using Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on ENIG PCB electrodes |
| title_short | Practical considerations for DNA sensing using Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on ENIG PCB electrodes |
| title_sort | practical considerations for dna sensing using faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on enig pcb electrodes |
| topic | Electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) PCB electrode Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) DNA sensing Constant phase element (CPE) Wastewater epidemiology |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259013702400133X |
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