Exploring Metal Ions as Potential Antimicrobial Agents to Combat Future Drug Resistance in <i>Mycoplasma bovis</i>
The rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in <i>Mycoplasma bovis</i> underscores the urgent need for alternative treatments. This study evaluated the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of four metal ions (cobalt, copper, silver, and zinc) and colloidal silver against 15 clinical &...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Mauida F. Hasoon Alkhallawi Majed H. Mohammed Farhid Hemmatzadeh Kiro Petrovski |
| author_facet | Mauida F. Hasoon Alkhallawi Majed H. Mohammed Farhid Hemmatzadeh Kiro Petrovski |
| author_sort | Mauida F. Hasoon Alkhallawi |
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| description | The rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in <i>Mycoplasma bovis</i> underscores the urgent need for alternative treatments. This study evaluated the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of four metal ions (cobalt, copper, silver, and zinc) and colloidal silver against 15 clinical <i>M. bovis</i> isolates, alongside conventional antimicrobials (florfenicol, tetracycline, tulathromycin, and tylosin). Colloidal silver demonstrated the most effective antimicrobial activity, inhibiting 81.25% of isolates at 1.5 mg/L, while silver inhibited 93.7% of isolates at concentrations above 1.5 mg/L. Copper exhibited notable efficacy, inhibiting 37.5% of isolates at 1.5 mg/L, with a small proportion responding at 0.1 mg/L. Cobalt and zinc displayed variable activity, with MIC values ranging from 0.7 to 12.5 mg/L. In contrast, conventional antimicrobials showed limited effectiveness: tetracycline inhibited 31.25% of isolates at ≥16 mg/L, tylosin inhibited 25% at 16 mg/L, and tulathromycin MICs ranged from 0.5 to 8 mg/L. Time–kill assays revealed a reduction in <i>M. bovis</i> viability after eight hours of exposure to silver and colloidal silver, though higher concentrations (4×–8× MIC) were required for complete eradication. These findings highlight the significant potential of colloidal silver and copper as alternatives for treating <i>M. bovis</i> infections and combating AMR. Further research is essential to explore their standalone and synergistic applications for therapeutic use. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-f26c63ee375141498353510505443c21 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj-art-f26c63ee375141498353510505443c212025-01-24T13:42:54ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072025-01-0113116910.3390/microorganisms13010169Exploring Metal Ions as Potential Antimicrobial Agents to Combat Future Drug Resistance in <i>Mycoplasma bovis</i>Mauida F. Hasoon Alkhallawi0Majed H. Mohammed1Farhid Hemmatzadeh2Kiro Petrovski3Australian Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Rose Worthy Campus, Mudla Wirra Rd., Roseworthy, SA 5371, AustraliaAustralian Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Rose Worthy Campus, Mudla Wirra Rd., Roseworthy, SA 5371, AustraliaAustralian Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Rose Worthy Campus, Mudla Wirra Rd., Roseworthy, SA 5371, AustraliaAustralian Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Rose Worthy Campus, Mudla Wirra Rd., Roseworthy, SA 5371, AustraliaThe rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in <i>Mycoplasma bovis</i> underscores the urgent need for alternative treatments. This study evaluated the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of four metal ions (cobalt, copper, silver, and zinc) and colloidal silver against 15 clinical <i>M. bovis</i> isolates, alongside conventional antimicrobials (florfenicol, tetracycline, tulathromycin, and tylosin). Colloidal silver demonstrated the most effective antimicrobial activity, inhibiting 81.25% of isolates at 1.5 mg/L, while silver inhibited 93.7% of isolates at concentrations above 1.5 mg/L. Copper exhibited notable efficacy, inhibiting 37.5% of isolates at 1.5 mg/L, with a small proportion responding at 0.1 mg/L. Cobalt and zinc displayed variable activity, with MIC values ranging from 0.7 to 12.5 mg/L. In contrast, conventional antimicrobials showed limited effectiveness: tetracycline inhibited 31.25% of isolates at ≥16 mg/L, tylosin inhibited 25% at 16 mg/L, and tulathromycin MICs ranged from 0.5 to 8 mg/L. Time–kill assays revealed a reduction in <i>M. bovis</i> viability after eight hours of exposure to silver and colloidal silver, though higher concentrations (4×–8× MIC) were required for complete eradication. These findings highlight the significant potential of colloidal silver and copper as alternatives for treating <i>M. bovis</i> infections and combating AMR. Further research is essential to explore their standalone and synergistic applications for therapeutic use.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/1/169conventional antimicrobialcolloidal silvermetal ionscombat resistance |
| spellingShingle | Mauida F. Hasoon Alkhallawi Majed H. Mohammed Farhid Hemmatzadeh Kiro Petrovski Exploring Metal Ions as Potential Antimicrobial Agents to Combat Future Drug Resistance in <i>Mycoplasma bovis</i> Microorganisms conventional antimicrobial colloidal silver metal ions combat resistance |
| title | Exploring Metal Ions as Potential Antimicrobial Agents to Combat Future Drug Resistance in <i>Mycoplasma bovis</i> |
| title_full | Exploring Metal Ions as Potential Antimicrobial Agents to Combat Future Drug Resistance in <i>Mycoplasma bovis</i> |
| title_fullStr | Exploring Metal Ions as Potential Antimicrobial Agents to Combat Future Drug Resistance in <i>Mycoplasma bovis</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exploring Metal Ions as Potential Antimicrobial Agents to Combat Future Drug Resistance in <i>Mycoplasma bovis</i> |
| title_short | Exploring Metal Ions as Potential Antimicrobial Agents to Combat Future Drug Resistance in <i>Mycoplasma bovis</i> |
| title_sort | exploring metal ions as potential antimicrobial agents to combat future drug resistance in i mycoplasma bovis i |
| topic | conventional antimicrobial colloidal silver metal ions combat resistance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/1/169 |
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