Experimental Study of the Stability of a Low-Cost C-Band Active Reflector Using Sentinel-1 Imagery

The application of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry (InSAR) techniques when in the imaged areas the coherence is low and persistent scatterers are missing often demands the installation of artificial reflectors, usually represented by passive corner reflectors (PCR). For missions based...

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Main Authors: Guido Luzi, Qi Gao, Pedro Espin-Lopez
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IEEE 2025-01-01
Series:IEEE Access
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10938142/
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author Guido Luzi
Qi Gao
Pedro Espin-Lopez
author_facet Guido Luzi
Qi Gao
Pedro Espin-Lopez
author_sort Guido Luzi
collection DOAJ
description The application of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry (InSAR) techniques when in the imaged areas the coherence is low and persistent scatterers are missing often demands the installation of artificial reflectors, usually represented by passive corner reflectors (PCR). For missions based on C band sensors such as Sentinel-1, passive corner reflectors capable of providing a high phase accuracy are cumbersome and heavy, and their installation in hard places can be difficult and costly. The installation of active reflectors, compact and smaller with respect to passive corner reflectors, can sometimes represent a valid alternative but the use of these devices has not yet largely spread due to their high sensitivity to the seasonal temperature variation which can reduce their reliability both in amplitude and phase stability. This paper focuses on the analysis of the performance of a low-cost active reflector designed to operate with C band spaceborne radars, tested in a real field campaign using Sentinel-1 imagery. The goal is to assess through an experimental based approach the stability of this device, using data acquired during the monitoring campaign of a landslide based on InSAR. The stability of the Active Reflector (AR) installed in a stable area is analyzed to evaluate its performance when used as a reference in interferometric processing. The results of this study show a stability over a temporal lapse of almost three years equivalent in deformation measurement to a few millimeters accuracy, which can be considered a satisfactory goal for this InSAR application.
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spelling doaj-art-ed3977c0533a4d889970c0aca206b60c2025-08-20T03:16:46ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-0113552025521010.1109/ACCESS.2025.355430510938142Experimental Study of the Stability of a Low-Cost C-Band Active Reflector Using Sentinel-1 ImageryGuido Luzi0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8924-9029Qi Gao1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9291-6240Pedro Espin-Lopez2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4152-5888Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC/CERCA), Castelldefels, SpainCentre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC/CERCA), Castelldefels, SpainCentre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC/CERCA), Castelldefels, SpainThe application of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry (InSAR) techniques when in the imaged areas the coherence is low and persistent scatterers are missing often demands the installation of artificial reflectors, usually represented by passive corner reflectors (PCR). For missions based on C band sensors such as Sentinel-1, passive corner reflectors capable of providing a high phase accuracy are cumbersome and heavy, and their installation in hard places can be difficult and costly. The installation of active reflectors, compact and smaller with respect to passive corner reflectors, can sometimes represent a valid alternative but the use of these devices has not yet largely spread due to their high sensitivity to the seasonal temperature variation which can reduce their reliability both in amplitude and phase stability. This paper focuses on the analysis of the performance of a low-cost active reflector designed to operate with C band spaceborne radars, tested in a real field campaign using Sentinel-1 imagery. The goal is to assess through an experimental based approach the stability of this device, using data acquired during the monitoring campaign of a landslide based on InSAR. The stability of the Active Reflector (AR) installed in a stable area is analyzed to evaluate its performance when used as a reference in interferometric processing. The results of this study show a stability over a temporal lapse of almost three years equivalent in deformation measurement to a few millimeters accuracy, which can be considered a satisfactory goal for this InSAR application.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10938142/Calibrationdeformationinterferometrypersistent scatterer (PS)synthetic aperture radar (SAR)transponder
spellingShingle Guido Luzi
Qi Gao
Pedro Espin-Lopez
Experimental Study of the Stability of a Low-Cost C-Band Active Reflector Using Sentinel-1 Imagery
IEEE Access
Calibration
deformation
interferometry
persistent scatterer (PS)
synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
transponder
title Experimental Study of the Stability of a Low-Cost C-Band Active Reflector Using Sentinel-1 Imagery
title_full Experimental Study of the Stability of a Low-Cost C-Band Active Reflector Using Sentinel-1 Imagery
title_fullStr Experimental Study of the Stability of a Low-Cost C-Band Active Reflector Using Sentinel-1 Imagery
title_full_unstemmed Experimental Study of the Stability of a Low-Cost C-Band Active Reflector Using Sentinel-1 Imagery
title_short Experimental Study of the Stability of a Low-Cost C-Band Active Reflector Using Sentinel-1 Imagery
title_sort experimental study of the stability of a low cost c band active reflector using sentinel 1 imagery
topic Calibration
deformation
interferometry
persistent scatterer (PS)
synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
transponder
url https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10938142/
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AT qigao experimentalstudyofthestabilityofalowcostcbandactivereflectorusingsentinel1imagery
AT pedroespinlopez experimentalstudyofthestabilityofalowcostcbandactivereflectorusingsentinel1imagery