Understanding the Immune System and Biospecimen-Based Response in Glioblastoma: A Practical Guide to Utilizing Signal Redundancy for Biomarker and Immune Signature Discovery
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary central nervous system malignancy with a median survival of 15–20 months. The presence of both intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity limits understanding of biological mechanisms leading to tumor resistance, including immune escape. An attractive field of research to...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Current Oncology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/32/1/16 |
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| author | Luke R. Jackson Anna Erickson Kevin Camphausen Andra V. Krauze |
| author_facet | Luke R. Jackson Anna Erickson Kevin Camphausen Andra V. Krauze |
| author_sort | Luke R. Jackson |
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| description | Glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary central nervous system malignancy with a median survival of 15–20 months. The presence of both intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity limits understanding of biological mechanisms leading to tumor resistance, including immune escape. An attractive field of research to examine treatment resistance are immune signatures composed of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers and cytokines. CD markers are surface markers expressed on various cells throughout the body, often associated with immune cells. Cytokines are the effector molecules of the immune system. Together, CD markers and cytokines can serve as useful biomarkers to reflect immune status in patients with GBM. However, there are gaps in the understanding of the intricate interactions between GBM and the peripheral immune system and how these interactions change with standard and immune-modulating treatments. The key to understanding the true nature of these interactions is through multi-omic analysis of tumor progression and treatment response. This review aims to identify potential non-invasive blood-based biomarkers that can contribute to an immune signature through multi-omic approaches, leading to a better understanding of immune involvement in GBM. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ed23e5fb1eee4663b1937042a944660d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1198-0052 1718-7729 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Current Oncology |
| spelling | doaj-art-ed23e5fb1eee4663b1937042a944660d2025-01-24T13:28:22ZengMDPI AGCurrent Oncology1198-00521718-77292024-12-013211610.3390/curroncol32010016Understanding the Immune System and Biospecimen-Based Response in Glioblastoma: A Practical Guide to Utilizing Signal Redundancy for Biomarker and Immune Signature DiscoveryLuke R. Jackson0Anna Erickson1Kevin Camphausen2Andra V. Krauze3Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USARadiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USARadiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USARadiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USAGlioblastoma (GBM) is a primary central nervous system malignancy with a median survival of 15–20 months. The presence of both intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity limits understanding of biological mechanisms leading to tumor resistance, including immune escape. An attractive field of research to examine treatment resistance are immune signatures composed of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers and cytokines. CD markers are surface markers expressed on various cells throughout the body, often associated with immune cells. Cytokines are the effector molecules of the immune system. Together, CD markers and cytokines can serve as useful biomarkers to reflect immune status in patients with GBM. However, there are gaps in the understanding of the intricate interactions between GBM and the peripheral immune system and how these interactions change with standard and immune-modulating treatments. The key to understanding the true nature of these interactions is through multi-omic analysis of tumor progression and treatment response. This review aims to identify potential non-invasive blood-based biomarkers that can contribute to an immune signature through multi-omic approaches, leading to a better understanding of immune involvement in GBM.https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/32/1/16immune systemimmune responseglioblastomabiomarkerstumor resistance |
| spellingShingle | Luke R. Jackson Anna Erickson Kevin Camphausen Andra V. Krauze Understanding the Immune System and Biospecimen-Based Response in Glioblastoma: A Practical Guide to Utilizing Signal Redundancy for Biomarker and Immune Signature Discovery Current Oncology immune system immune response glioblastoma biomarkers tumor resistance |
| title | Understanding the Immune System and Biospecimen-Based Response in Glioblastoma: A Practical Guide to Utilizing Signal Redundancy for Biomarker and Immune Signature Discovery |
| title_full | Understanding the Immune System and Biospecimen-Based Response in Glioblastoma: A Practical Guide to Utilizing Signal Redundancy for Biomarker and Immune Signature Discovery |
| title_fullStr | Understanding the Immune System and Biospecimen-Based Response in Glioblastoma: A Practical Guide to Utilizing Signal Redundancy for Biomarker and Immune Signature Discovery |
| title_full_unstemmed | Understanding the Immune System and Biospecimen-Based Response in Glioblastoma: A Practical Guide to Utilizing Signal Redundancy for Biomarker and Immune Signature Discovery |
| title_short | Understanding the Immune System and Biospecimen-Based Response in Glioblastoma: A Practical Guide to Utilizing Signal Redundancy for Biomarker and Immune Signature Discovery |
| title_sort | understanding the immune system and biospecimen based response in glioblastoma a practical guide to utilizing signal redundancy for biomarker and immune signature discovery |
| topic | immune system immune response glioblastoma biomarkers tumor resistance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/32/1/16 |
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