The ecological security risks of bronopol: a focus on antibiotic resistance gene dissemination

Disinfectants are commonly utilized by humans to combat microorganisms. However, residual disinfectants may promote environmental antimicrobial resistance by facilitating horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of antibiotic resistance genes. Bronopol is a routinely used disinfectant that persists in the env...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Zhuocheng Yao, Yuhan Yang, Yanchun Gong, Shiyi Shi, Yunying Ge, Weiliang Zeng, Deyi Zhao, Jianming Cao, Tieli Zhou, Mo Shen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Microbiology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1595833/full
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
_version_ 1849703295753388032
author Zhuocheng Yao
Yuhan Yang
Yanchun Gong
Shiyi Shi
Yunying Ge
Weiliang Zeng
Deyi Zhao
Jianming Cao
Jianming Cao
Tieli Zhou
Mo Shen
author_facet Zhuocheng Yao
Yuhan Yang
Yanchun Gong
Shiyi Shi
Yunying Ge
Weiliang Zeng
Deyi Zhao
Jianming Cao
Jianming Cao
Tieli Zhou
Mo Shen
author_sort Zhuocheng Yao
collection DOAJ
description Disinfectants are commonly utilized by humans to combat microorganisms. However, residual disinfectants may promote environmental antimicrobial resistance by facilitating horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of antibiotic resistance genes. Bronopol is a routinely used disinfectant that persists in the environment, and previous studies have concentrated on its ecotoxicity rather than its implications on the propagation of resistance genes. This study aimed to establish an in vitro conjugation model to investigate whether bronopol promotes the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) via plasmid conjugation. Using Escherichia coli DH5α and DC8855 as donors harboring RP4-7 and blaNDM-4-positive IncFII(K) plasmids, respectively, and J53 as the recipient strain, we found that sub-inhibitory concentrations of bronopol (2 μg/L and 20 μg/L) significantly increased the conjugative transfer frequency (CTF) of both plasmids. Mechanistic analysis revealed that bronopol enhanced bacterial membrane permeability, as demonstrated by propidium iodide (PI) staining, 1-N-phenylnaphthylamine (NPN) fluorescent probes, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and upregulation of the outer membrane protein gene ompC. Additionally, bronopol treatment upregulated RP4 plasmid-encoded genes involved in DNA transfer/replication (trfAp) and the global regulator of HGT (kilA/kilB). These findings highlight a previously unrecognized role of bronopol in facilitating the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes, particularly those of clinical significance.
format Article
id doaj-art-eaeb8c88bb464f35af3d0c45efff563b
institution DOAJ
issn 1664-302X
language English
publishDate 2025-07-01
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
record_format Article
series Frontiers in Microbiology
spelling doaj-art-eaeb8c88bb464f35af3d0c45efff563b2025-08-20T03:17:19ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2025-07-011610.3389/fmicb.2025.15958331595833The ecological security risks of bronopol: a focus on antibiotic resistance gene disseminationZhuocheng Yao0Yuhan Yang1Yanchun Gong2Shiyi Shi3Yunying Ge4Weiliang Zeng5Deyi Zhao6Jianming Cao7Jianming Cao8Tieli Zhou9Mo Shen10Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ChinaSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ChinaKey Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ChinaSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ChinaKey Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ChinaKey Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ChinaSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ChinaKey Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ChinaSchool of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ChinaKey Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ChinaKey Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ChinaDisinfectants are commonly utilized by humans to combat microorganisms. However, residual disinfectants may promote environmental antimicrobial resistance by facilitating horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of antibiotic resistance genes. Bronopol is a routinely used disinfectant that persists in the environment, and previous studies have concentrated on its ecotoxicity rather than its implications on the propagation of resistance genes. This study aimed to establish an in vitro conjugation model to investigate whether bronopol promotes the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) via plasmid conjugation. Using Escherichia coli DH5α and DC8855 as donors harboring RP4-7 and blaNDM-4-positive IncFII(K) plasmids, respectively, and J53 as the recipient strain, we found that sub-inhibitory concentrations of bronopol (2 μg/L and 20 μg/L) significantly increased the conjugative transfer frequency (CTF) of both plasmids. Mechanistic analysis revealed that bronopol enhanced bacterial membrane permeability, as demonstrated by propidium iodide (PI) staining, 1-N-phenylnaphthylamine (NPN) fluorescent probes, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and upregulation of the outer membrane protein gene ompC. Additionally, bronopol treatment upregulated RP4 plasmid-encoded genes involved in DNA transfer/replication (trfAp) and the global regulator of HGT (kilA/kilB). These findings highlight a previously unrecognized role of bronopol in facilitating the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes, particularly those of clinical significance.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1595833/fullbronopolhorizontal gene transferRP4-7blaNDM-4disinfectant
spellingShingle Zhuocheng Yao
Yuhan Yang
Yanchun Gong
Shiyi Shi
Yunying Ge
Weiliang Zeng
Deyi Zhao
Jianming Cao
Jianming Cao
Tieli Zhou
Mo Shen
The ecological security risks of bronopol: a focus on antibiotic resistance gene dissemination
Frontiers in Microbiology
bronopol
horizontal gene transfer
RP4-7
blaNDM-4
disinfectant
title The ecological security risks of bronopol: a focus on antibiotic resistance gene dissemination
title_full The ecological security risks of bronopol: a focus on antibiotic resistance gene dissemination
title_fullStr The ecological security risks of bronopol: a focus on antibiotic resistance gene dissemination
title_full_unstemmed The ecological security risks of bronopol: a focus on antibiotic resistance gene dissemination
title_short The ecological security risks of bronopol: a focus on antibiotic resistance gene dissemination
title_sort ecological security risks of bronopol a focus on antibiotic resistance gene dissemination
topic bronopol
horizontal gene transfer
RP4-7
blaNDM-4
disinfectant
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1595833/full
work_keys_str_mv AT zhuochengyao theecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT yuhanyang theecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT yanchungong theecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT shiyishi theecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT yunyingge theecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT weiliangzeng theecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT deyizhao theecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT jianmingcao theecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT jianmingcao theecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT tielizhou theecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT moshen theecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT zhuochengyao ecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT yuhanyang ecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT yanchungong ecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT shiyishi ecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT yunyingge ecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT weiliangzeng ecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT deyizhao ecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT jianmingcao ecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT jianmingcao ecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT tielizhou ecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination
AT moshen ecologicalsecurityrisksofbronopolafocusonantibioticresistancegenedissemination