Genetic Diversity of <i>Diaphorina citri</i> and Its Endosymbiont Across Diffusion Frontier and Epidemic Areas of Citrus Huanglongbing in China
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most severe diseases affecting the citrus industry, with <i>Diaphorina citri</i> (Hemiptera: Liviidae) serving as its primary natural vector. To understand the genetic diversity and population structure of <i>D. citri</i> in the contex...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Jin Yang Ai-Jun Huang Jun Zhou Ping You Xiang Li Han Luo Long Yi |
| author_facet | Jin Yang Ai-Jun Huang Jun Zhou Ping You Xiang Li Han Luo Long Yi |
| author_sort | Jin Yang |
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| description | Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most severe diseases affecting the citrus industry, with <i>Diaphorina citri</i> (Hemiptera: Liviidae) serving as its primary natural vector. To understand the genetic diversity and population structure of <i>D. citri</i> in the context of HLB diffusion, we analyzed 13 populations from the HLB diffusion frontier and 25 populations from epidemic areas in China. The HLB diffusion frontier areas refer to the peripheral regions of HLB distribution in China, including the western Zhejiang, southern Jiangsu, northern Jiangxi, northern Hunan, and eastern Sichuan provinces. In contrast, the HLB epidemic areas represent regions in China where HLB is actively widespread and causing significant impacts. We utilized mitochondrial genes (<i>COI</i>, <i>ND5</i>, and <i>Cytb</i>) of <i>D. citri</i> and housekeeping genes (<i>dnaQ</i>, <i>rpoC</i>, and <i>argH</i>) of its endosymbiont <i>Candidatus</i> Carsonella ruddii (<i>Ca.</i> C. ruddii) for this analysis. Our findings revealed that the <i>D. citri</i> and <i>Ca.</i> C. ruddii in different regions showed low haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity. While the genetic variation in <i>D. citri</i> populations primarily occurred within populations, the endosymbiont showed contrasting patterns in the HLB epidemic areas. We identified three dispersal paths: (1) migration of the Yunnan population to Sichuan, Guizhou, and Guangxi; (2) movement of the Guangdong population to Fujian, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang; and (3) dispersal of the Guangdong population to Hunan and Guangxi. Our study suggests that <i>D. citri</i> populations at the HLB diffusion frontier are predominantly transmitted from neighboring epidemic areas. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-eadd4d820124455ab7a0271cdec907c42025-01-24T13:29:31ZengMDPI AGDiversity1424-28182025-01-011716010.3390/d17010060Genetic Diversity of <i>Diaphorina citri</i> and Its Endosymbiont Across Diffusion Frontier and Epidemic Areas of Citrus Huanglongbing in ChinaJin Yang0Ai-Jun Huang1Jun Zhou2Ping You3Xiang Li4Han Luo5Long Yi6School of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, ChinaSchool of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, ChinaSchool of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, ChinaSchool of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, ChinaSchool of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, ChinaSchool of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, ChinaSchool of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, ChinaCitrus huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most severe diseases affecting the citrus industry, with <i>Diaphorina citri</i> (Hemiptera: Liviidae) serving as its primary natural vector. To understand the genetic diversity and population structure of <i>D. citri</i> in the context of HLB diffusion, we analyzed 13 populations from the HLB diffusion frontier and 25 populations from epidemic areas in China. The HLB diffusion frontier areas refer to the peripheral regions of HLB distribution in China, including the western Zhejiang, southern Jiangsu, northern Jiangxi, northern Hunan, and eastern Sichuan provinces. In contrast, the HLB epidemic areas represent regions in China where HLB is actively widespread and causing significant impacts. We utilized mitochondrial genes (<i>COI</i>, <i>ND5</i>, and <i>Cytb</i>) of <i>D. citri</i> and housekeeping genes (<i>dnaQ</i>, <i>rpoC</i>, and <i>argH</i>) of its endosymbiont <i>Candidatus</i> Carsonella ruddii (<i>Ca.</i> C. ruddii) for this analysis. Our findings revealed that the <i>D. citri</i> and <i>Ca.</i> C. ruddii in different regions showed low haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity. While the genetic variation in <i>D. citri</i> populations primarily occurred within populations, the endosymbiont showed contrasting patterns in the HLB epidemic areas. We identified three dispersal paths: (1) migration of the Yunnan population to Sichuan, Guizhou, and Guangxi; (2) movement of the Guangdong population to Fujian, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang; and (3) dispersal of the Guangdong population to Hunan and Guangxi. Our study suggests that <i>D. citri</i> populations at the HLB diffusion frontier are predominantly transmitted from neighboring epidemic areas.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/17/1/60citrus huanglongbing<i>Diaphorina citri</i>mitochondrial geneendosymbionts<i>Candidatus</i> Carsonella ruddii |
| spellingShingle | Jin Yang Ai-Jun Huang Jun Zhou Ping You Xiang Li Han Luo Long Yi Genetic Diversity of <i>Diaphorina citri</i> and Its Endosymbiont Across Diffusion Frontier and Epidemic Areas of Citrus Huanglongbing in China Diversity citrus huanglongbing <i>Diaphorina citri</i> mitochondrial gene endosymbionts <i>Candidatus</i> Carsonella ruddii |
| title | Genetic Diversity of <i>Diaphorina citri</i> and Its Endosymbiont Across Diffusion Frontier and Epidemic Areas of Citrus Huanglongbing in China |
| title_full | Genetic Diversity of <i>Diaphorina citri</i> and Its Endosymbiont Across Diffusion Frontier and Epidemic Areas of Citrus Huanglongbing in China |
| title_fullStr | Genetic Diversity of <i>Diaphorina citri</i> and Its Endosymbiont Across Diffusion Frontier and Epidemic Areas of Citrus Huanglongbing in China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genetic Diversity of <i>Diaphorina citri</i> and Its Endosymbiont Across Diffusion Frontier and Epidemic Areas of Citrus Huanglongbing in China |
| title_short | Genetic Diversity of <i>Diaphorina citri</i> and Its Endosymbiont Across Diffusion Frontier and Epidemic Areas of Citrus Huanglongbing in China |
| title_sort | genetic diversity of i diaphorina citri i and its endosymbiont across diffusion frontier and epidemic areas of citrus huanglongbing in china |
| topic | citrus huanglongbing <i>Diaphorina citri</i> mitochondrial gene endosymbionts <i>Candidatus</i> Carsonella ruddii |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/17/1/60 |
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