Exploring the Impact of the Publicness of Public Space in Hong Kong: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach
Public spaces are spaces that are open to the public, and their publicness denotes the degree to which the space is inclusive, accessible, and representative of collective interests, fostering diverse activities, and ultimately enhancing social cohesion and urban vitality. While existing studies hav...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/1/91 |
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| author | He-Ming Zeng Louie Sieh Dong Zhang Hao Huang Yu-Zun Zhang Jin-Yeu Tsou |
| author_facet | He-Ming Zeng Louie Sieh Dong Zhang Hao Huang Yu-Zun Zhang Jin-Yeu Tsou |
| author_sort | He-Ming Zeng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Public spaces are spaces that are open to the public, and their publicness denotes the degree to which the space is inclusive, accessible, and representative of collective interests, fostering diverse activities, and ultimately enhancing social cohesion and urban vitality. While existing studies have focused on interpreting and assessing the concept of publicness, few explore its specific impact within public spaces. This study aims to identify the impact of the publicness of public space and develop an assessment model. Based on a literature review, five publicness impacts are proposed: effectiveness, fairness, sense of ease, meaningfulness, and friendliness. Two rounds of questionnaire surveys were conducted on public space users in Hong Kong, with a total of 305 responses received. The collected data were used to test and validate the model through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modelling (SEM). The developed model offers a robust tool for determining whether a space is public. The findings show correlations among the five impacts of publicness, except between fairness and meaningfulness, which may imply that, in the Hong Kong public space, fairness is a functional or procedural requirement rather than a deep emotional or spiritual connection with the space. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-eabf8546fa044207be6165322f72266a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2073-445X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Land |
| spelling | doaj-art-eabf8546fa044207be6165322f72266a2025-01-24T13:37:51ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2025-01-011419110.3390/land14010091Exploring the Impact of the Publicness of Public Space in Hong Kong: A Structural Equation Modelling ApproachHe-Ming Zeng0Louie Sieh1Dong Zhang2Hao Huang3Yu-Zun Zhang4Jin-Yeu Tsou5Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, ChinaDepartment of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, ChinaDepartment of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, ChinaDepartment of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, ChinaDepartment of Information Systems, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, ChinaDepartment of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, ChinaPublic spaces are spaces that are open to the public, and their publicness denotes the degree to which the space is inclusive, accessible, and representative of collective interests, fostering diverse activities, and ultimately enhancing social cohesion and urban vitality. While existing studies have focused on interpreting and assessing the concept of publicness, few explore its specific impact within public spaces. This study aims to identify the impact of the publicness of public space and develop an assessment model. Based on a literature review, five publicness impacts are proposed: effectiveness, fairness, sense of ease, meaningfulness, and friendliness. Two rounds of questionnaire surveys were conducted on public space users in Hong Kong, with a total of 305 responses received. The collected data were used to test and validate the model through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modelling (SEM). The developed model offers a robust tool for determining whether a space is public. The findings show correlations among the five impacts of publicness, except between fairness and meaningfulness, which may imply that, in the Hong Kong public space, fairness is a functional or procedural requirement rather than a deep emotional or spiritual connection with the space.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/1/91publicnesspublic spaceassessment modelSEMhigh-density city |
| spellingShingle | He-Ming Zeng Louie Sieh Dong Zhang Hao Huang Yu-Zun Zhang Jin-Yeu Tsou Exploring the Impact of the Publicness of Public Space in Hong Kong: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach Land publicness public space assessment model SEM high-density city |
| title | Exploring the Impact of the Publicness of Public Space in Hong Kong: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach |
| title_full | Exploring the Impact of the Publicness of Public Space in Hong Kong: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach |
| title_fullStr | Exploring the Impact of the Publicness of Public Space in Hong Kong: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exploring the Impact of the Publicness of Public Space in Hong Kong: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach |
| title_short | Exploring the Impact of the Publicness of Public Space in Hong Kong: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach |
| title_sort | exploring the impact of the publicness of public space in hong kong a structural equation modelling approach |
| topic | publicness public space assessment model SEM high-density city |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/1/91 |
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