An Experimental Study on the Effect of Thermally Oxidised Ti-6Al-4V Substrate on the Surface Characteristics and Composition of Hydroxyapatite Coatings Produced by Modified Cold Gas Spray
Introduction: Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings enhance the bioactivity of Titanium-6% Aluminum-4% Vanadium (Ti-6Al-4VTi-6Al-4V). Conventional plasma spraying often results in amorphous HA phases due to high temperatures. To overcome this, HA coatings can be deposited at lower temperatures using a modifi...
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JCDR Research and Publications Private Limited
2025-06-01
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| author | Norarney Ahmad Norehan Mokhtar Siti Noor Fazliah Mohd Noor Hussain Zuhailawati Suzianti Iskandar Vijaya |
| author_facet | Norarney Ahmad Norehan Mokhtar Siti Noor Fazliah Mohd Noor Hussain Zuhailawati Suzianti Iskandar Vijaya |
| author_sort | Norarney Ahmad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings enhance the bioactivity of Titanium-6% Aluminum-4% Vanadium (Ti-6Al-4VTi-6Al-4V). Conventional plasma spraying often results in amorphous HA phases due to high temperatures. To overcome this, HA coatings can be deposited at lower temperatures using a modified Cold Gas Spray (CGS) technique. The present study compared the effects of thermally oxidised and sand-gritted substrates on the properties of HA coatings.
Aim: To evaluate the impact of thermal oxidation on surface topography, roughness, thickness, phase composition and the Calcium-to-phosphorus (Ca/P) molar ratio of HA coatings applied via modified CGS.
Materials and Methods: An experimental study was conducted at the School of Material and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Malaysia, from May 2021 to May 2023. Ti-6Al-4V substrates were sand-gritted and thermally oxidised at temperatures ranging from 450°C to 600°C. HA coatings were applied using the modified CGS. Coatings were analysed using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Backscattered Electron Microscopy (BSEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) to investigate surface roughness, surface topography, coating thickness and composition. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test for group comparisons, followed by post-hoc Mann-Whitney U tests. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Thermally oxidised substrates exhibited increased surface roughness and microhardness compared to the sand-gritted control. The HA coating on sand-gritted substrates had a roughness of 60.43 nm (IQR=37.41 nm), while oxidised surfaces at 500°C and 600°C resulted in roughness values of 27.61 nm (IQR=51.07 nm) and 33.03 nm (IQR=23.19 nm), respectively. A 2D image showed no aggregation of HA particles. Coating thickness was reduced from 109.0 μm (IQR=45.3 μm) on sand-gritted substrates to 48.4 μm (IQR=12.5 μm) on substrates oxidised at 600°C. The thermally oxidised substrate at 500°C produced a coating thickness of 74.2 μm (IQR=9.40 μm) with a Ca/P ratio of 1.83, meeting the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standard. XRD confirmed that the phase composition of all coatings was consistent with the original HA powder.
Conclusion: Thermal oxidation of Ti-6Al-4V substrates influences the roughness and thickness of HA coatings’ surfaces and the modified CGS technique produces HA coatings suitable for biomedical applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-eabdd978a2c84c4fa220cc581bd2bd7e |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
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| series | Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-eabdd978a2c84c4fa220cc581bd2bd7e2025-08-20T03:27:51ZengJCDR Research and Publications Private LimitedJournal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research2249-782X0973-709X2025-06-01196ZC51ZC6010.7860/JCDR/2025/75736.21147An Experimental Study on the Effect of Thermally Oxidised Ti-6Al-4V Substrate on the Surface Characteristics and Composition of Hydroxyapatite Coatings Produced by Modified Cold Gas SprayNorarney Ahmad0Norehan Mokhtar1Siti Noor Fazliah Mohd Noor2Hussain Zuhailawati3Suzianti Iskandar Vijaya4Student, Department of Dental Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.Associate Professor, Department of Dental Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Dental Simulation and Virtual Learning Research Excellence Consortium, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.Associate Professor, Department of Dental Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Dental Simulation and Virtual Learning Research Excellence Consortium, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.Associate Professor, Department of Dental Sciences, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Research Development Division, Leave a Nest Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., L1-06, Block 3710, Persiaran Apec, Cyber 8, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia.Doctor Biomaterials Niche Area Group, School of Material and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.Introduction: Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings enhance the bioactivity of Titanium-6% Aluminum-4% Vanadium (Ti-6Al-4VTi-6Al-4V). Conventional plasma spraying often results in amorphous HA phases due to high temperatures. To overcome this, HA coatings can be deposited at lower temperatures using a modified Cold Gas Spray (CGS) technique. The present study compared the effects of thermally oxidised and sand-gritted substrates on the properties of HA coatings. Aim: To evaluate the impact of thermal oxidation on surface topography, roughness, thickness, phase composition and the Calcium-to-phosphorus (Ca/P) molar ratio of HA coatings applied via modified CGS. Materials and Methods: An experimental study was conducted at the School of Material and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Malaysia, from May 2021 to May 2023. Ti-6Al-4V substrates were sand-gritted and thermally oxidised at temperatures ranging from 450°C to 600°C. HA coatings were applied using the modified CGS. Coatings were analysed using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Backscattered Electron Microscopy (BSEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) to investigate surface roughness, surface topography, coating thickness and composition. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test for group comparisons, followed by post-hoc Mann-Whitney U tests. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Thermally oxidised substrates exhibited increased surface roughness and microhardness compared to the sand-gritted control. The HA coating on sand-gritted substrates had a roughness of 60.43 nm (IQR=37.41 nm), while oxidised surfaces at 500°C and 600°C resulted in roughness values of 27.61 nm (IQR=51.07 nm) and 33.03 nm (IQR=23.19 nm), respectively. A 2D image showed no aggregation of HA particles. Coating thickness was reduced from 109.0 μm (IQR=45.3 μm) on sand-gritted substrates to 48.4 μm (IQR=12.5 μm) on substrates oxidised at 600°C. The thermally oxidised substrate at 500°C produced a coating thickness of 74.2 μm (IQR=9.40 μm) with a Ca/P ratio of 1.83, meeting the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standard. XRD confirmed that the phase composition of all coatings was consistent with the original HA powder. Conclusion: Thermal oxidation of Ti-6Al-4V substrates influences the roughness and thickness of HA coatings’ surfaces and the modified CGS technique produces HA coatings suitable for biomedical applications.https://jcdr.net/articles/PDF/21147/75736_CE[Ra1]_F(IS)_QC(PS_IS)_PF1(RI_KR)_Redo_PFA(IS)_PN(IS).pdfbioactive ceramic coatingsmodified deposition techniquessurface propertiestitanium alloys |
| spellingShingle | Norarney Ahmad Norehan Mokhtar Siti Noor Fazliah Mohd Noor Hussain Zuhailawati Suzianti Iskandar Vijaya An Experimental Study on the Effect of Thermally Oxidised Ti-6Al-4V Substrate on the Surface Characteristics and Composition of Hydroxyapatite Coatings Produced by Modified Cold Gas Spray Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research bioactive ceramic coatings modified deposition techniques surface properties titanium alloys |
| title | An Experimental Study on the Effect of Thermally Oxidised Ti-6Al-4V Substrate on the Surface Characteristics and Composition of Hydroxyapatite Coatings Produced by Modified Cold Gas Spray |
| title_full | An Experimental Study on the Effect of Thermally Oxidised Ti-6Al-4V Substrate on the Surface Characteristics and Composition of Hydroxyapatite Coatings Produced by Modified Cold Gas Spray |
| title_fullStr | An Experimental Study on the Effect of Thermally Oxidised Ti-6Al-4V Substrate on the Surface Characteristics and Composition of Hydroxyapatite Coatings Produced by Modified Cold Gas Spray |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Experimental Study on the Effect of Thermally Oxidised Ti-6Al-4V Substrate on the Surface Characteristics and Composition of Hydroxyapatite Coatings Produced by Modified Cold Gas Spray |
| title_short | An Experimental Study on the Effect of Thermally Oxidised Ti-6Al-4V Substrate on the Surface Characteristics and Composition of Hydroxyapatite Coatings Produced by Modified Cold Gas Spray |
| title_sort | experimental study on the effect of thermally oxidised ti 6al 4v substrate on the surface characteristics and composition of hydroxyapatite coatings produced by modified cold gas spray |
| topic | bioactive ceramic coatings modified deposition techniques surface properties titanium alloys |
| url | https://jcdr.net/articles/PDF/21147/75736_CE[Ra1]_F(IS)_QC(PS_IS)_PF1(RI_KR)_Redo_PFA(IS)_PN(IS).pdf |
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