Biological roles of growth hormone/prolactin from an evolutionary perspective
Although growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) are usually recognized as pituitary hormones, their expression is not restricted to the adenohypophysis and can also be found in extra-pituitary tissues including placenta. Furthermore, GH, PRL, and their receptors structurally belong to the cytokine...
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| Language: | English |
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The Japan Endocrine Society
2024-09-01
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| Series: | Endocrine Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/endocrj/71/9/71_EJ24-0118/_html/-char/en |
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| author | Yasumasa Iwasaki Mitsuru Nishiyama Dylan Corcoran Takako Araki |
| author_facet | Yasumasa Iwasaki Mitsuru Nishiyama Dylan Corcoran Takako Araki |
| author_sort | Yasumasa Iwasaki |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Although growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) are usually recognized as pituitary hormones, their expression is not restricted to the adenohypophysis and can also be found in extra-pituitary tissues including placenta. Furthermore, GH, PRL, and their receptors structurally belong to the cytokine family of proteins, and indeed they have remarkable pleiotropic effects. In this review, we analyzed the biological roles of GH/PRL from an evolutionary perspective. We have recognized that the biological significance of GH/PRL can be summarized as follows: cytokines (metabokines) that regulate the shift of nutrients and even of whole bodies to live in the most appropriate environment(s) for conducting growth and reproduction. In this sense, the common keyword of the two metabokines is “shift” for environmental adaptation. Considering that these metabokines flexibly changed their biological roles, GH/PRL may have played important roles during vertebrate evolution. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e9f29aa5e52445d4b348ff7c37b2796f |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1348-4540 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-09-01 |
| publisher | The Japan Endocrine Society |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Endocrine Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-e9f29aa5e52445d4b348ff7c37b2796f2025-01-22T05:20:11ZengThe Japan Endocrine SocietyEndocrine Journal1348-45402024-09-0171982783710.1507/endocrj.EJ24-0118endocrjBiological roles of growth hormone/prolactin from an evolutionary perspectiveYasumasa Iwasaki0Mitsuru Nishiyama1Dylan Corcoran2Takako Araki3Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medial School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, JapanHealth Service Center, Kochi Medial School, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, JapanDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USADivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USAAlthough growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) are usually recognized as pituitary hormones, their expression is not restricted to the adenohypophysis and can also be found in extra-pituitary tissues including placenta. Furthermore, GH, PRL, and their receptors structurally belong to the cytokine family of proteins, and indeed they have remarkable pleiotropic effects. In this review, we analyzed the biological roles of GH/PRL from an evolutionary perspective. We have recognized that the biological significance of GH/PRL can be summarized as follows: cytokines (metabokines) that regulate the shift of nutrients and even of whole bodies to live in the most appropriate environment(s) for conducting growth and reproduction. In this sense, the common keyword of the two metabokines is “shift” for environmental adaptation. Considering that these metabokines flexibly changed their biological roles, GH/PRL may have played important roles during vertebrate evolution.https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/endocrj/71/9/71_EJ24-0118/_html/-char/engrowth hormoneprolactinmetabokineanterior pituitaryevolution |
| spellingShingle | Yasumasa Iwasaki Mitsuru Nishiyama Dylan Corcoran Takako Araki Biological roles of growth hormone/prolactin from an evolutionary perspective Endocrine Journal growth hormone prolactin metabokine anterior pituitary evolution |
| title | Biological roles of growth hormone/prolactin from an evolutionary perspective |
| title_full | Biological roles of growth hormone/prolactin from an evolutionary perspective |
| title_fullStr | Biological roles of growth hormone/prolactin from an evolutionary perspective |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biological roles of growth hormone/prolactin from an evolutionary perspective |
| title_short | Biological roles of growth hormone/prolactin from an evolutionary perspective |
| title_sort | biological roles of growth hormone prolactin from an evolutionary perspective |
| topic | growth hormone prolactin metabokine anterior pituitary evolution |
| url | https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/endocrj/71/9/71_EJ24-0118/_html/-char/en |
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