Population Dynamics of the Crocodile Shark, <i>Pseudocarcharias kamoharai</i>, in the Tropical Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Ecuador
The objectives of this study were to determine the rates of natural mortality (<i>M</i>), fishing mortality (<i>F</i>), total mortality (<i>Z</i>), the exploitation rates (<i>E</i>), as well as the biological reference points (<i>BRPs</i>)...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| author | Marcos Douglas Calle-Morán Eugenio Alberto Aragón-Noriega Ana Rosa Hernández-Téllez Emigdio Marín-Enríquez Javier Tovar-Ávila Juan Francisco Arzola-González Jorge Payán-Alejo |
| author_facet | Marcos Douglas Calle-Morán Eugenio Alberto Aragón-Noriega Ana Rosa Hernández-Téllez Emigdio Marín-Enríquez Javier Tovar-Ávila Juan Francisco Arzola-González Jorge Payán-Alejo |
| author_sort | Marcos Douglas Calle-Morán |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The objectives of this study were to determine the rates of natural mortality (<i>M</i>), fishing mortality (<i>F</i>), total mortality (<i>Z</i>), the exploitation rates (<i>E</i>), as well as the biological reference points (<i>BRPs</i>) and the annual removal rates (<i>R</i>) of the crocodile shark, <i>Pseudocarcharias kamoharai</i>, in the Ecuadorian Pacific. Thirty similar and different models were applied to determine all these rates. These equations were obtained from studies on teleost and chondrichthyan fish. The biological parameters, including age, growth, longevity, and reproduction, were obtained from the specialized literature based on the biology of <i>P. kamoharai</i> in Ecuadorian waters. These biological parameters were used in all the models considered here. The <i>M</i> estimations were 0.14 to 0.28 based on six models for chondrichthyans and osteichthyes. These values were similar to the six algorithms designed for cartilaginous fish, ranging from 0.16 to 0.35; for this reason, these mortality rates were considered low. The <i>Z</i> values ranged from 0.08 to 0.51; however, they were not considered given that the three estimations were less than <i>M</i>, and only the <i>Z</i> = 0.51 was considered. Given that <i>Z</i> = 0.51 and <i>M</i> = 0.24, an <i>F</i> = 0.27 was obtained by subtraction, indicating a low mortality by fishing. <i>E</i> had values between 0.21 and 0.53, which indicated overexploitation that exceeded the <i>E<sub>opt</sub></i> = 0.50 value. The obtained BRPs were <i>F<sub>opt</sub></i> = 0.10 and 0.12 and <i>F<sub>lim</sub></i> = 0.16, which showed that the optimal fishing levels (best possible capture) to achieve long-term sustainable exploitation of the stock encompass 10 to 16% of the fishing effort applied for this species. However, the <i>F</i> surpassed this prudential range. The annual removal percentage (<i>R</i> = 21%) demonstrated that 21% of the population was being removed. Based on the biology and ecology of this species, all models applied in this study showed that <i>P. kamoharai</i> had low natural and fishing mortality rates and moderate total mortality; its exploitation rate exceeded the fishing limits. These values and their life history traits indicated that this shark species cannot tolerate any fishing level without threatening its populations. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e9b3f989ea1240689ae9cc3a9300fdf0 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2410-3888 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-e9b3f989ea1240689ae9cc3a9300fdf02025-01-24T13:32:24ZengMDPI AGFishes2410-38882024-12-01101510.3390/fishes10010005Population Dynamics of the Crocodile Shark, <i>Pseudocarcharias kamoharai</i>, in the Tropical Equatorial Pacific Ocean, EcuadorMarcos Douglas Calle-Morán0Eugenio Alberto Aragón-Noriega1Ana Rosa Hernández-Téllez2Emigdio Marín-Enríquez3Javier Tovar-Ávila4Juan Francisco Arzola-González5Jorge Payán-Alejo6Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Sede Académica El Pangui, Universidad Estatal Amazónica (UEA), El Pangui 190401, Zamora Chinchipe, EcuadorUnidad Guaymas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Guaymas 85454, Sonora, MexicoPrograma de Doctorado en Ciencias en Recursos Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Mazatlán 82000, Sinaloa, MexicoFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Mazatlán 82000, Sinaloa, MexicoCentro Regional de Investigación Acuícola y Pesquera (CRIAP), Instituto Mexicano de Investigación en Pesca y Acuacultura Sustentables (IMIPAS), Bahía de Banderas 63732, Nayarit, MexicoFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Mazatlán 82000, Sinaloa, MexicoFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Mazatlán 82000, Sinaloa, MexicoThe objectives of this study were to determine the rates of natural mortality (<i>M</i>), fishing mortality (<i>F</i>), total mortality (<i>Z</i>), the exploitation rates (<i>E</i>), as well as the biological reference points (<i>BRPs</i>) and the annual removal rates (<i>R</i>) of the crocodile shark, <i>Pseudocarcharias kamoharai</i>, in the Ecuadorian Pacific. Thirty similar and different models were applied to determine all these rates. These equations were obtained from studies on teleost and chondrichthyan fish. The biological parameters, including age, growth, longevity, and reproduction, were obtained from the specialized literature based on the biology of <i>P. kamoharai</i> in Ecuadorian waters. These biological parameters were used in all the models considered here. The <i>M</i> estimations were 0.14 to 0.28 based on six models for chondrichthyans and osteichthyes. These values were similar to the six algorithms designed for cartilaginous fish, ranging from 0.16 to 0.35; for this reason, these mortality rates were considered low. The <i>Z</i> values ranged from 0.08 to 0.51; however, they were not considered given that the three estimations were less than <i>M</i>, and only the <i>Z</i> = 0.51 was considered. Given that <i>Z</i> = 0.51 and <i>M</i> = 0.24, an <i>F</i> = 0.27 was obtained by subtraction, indicating a low mortality by fishing. <i>E</i> had values between 0.21 and 0.53, which indicated overexploitation that exceeded the <i>E<sub>opt</sub></i> = 0.50 value. The obtained BRPs were <i>F<sub>opt</sub></i> = 0.10 and 0.12 and <i>F<sub>lim</sub></i> = 0.16, which showed that the optimal fishing levels (best possible capture) to achieve long-term sustainable exploitation of the stock encompass 10 to 16% of the fishing effort applied for this species. However, the <i>F</i> surpassed this prudential range. The annual removal percentage (<i>R</i> = 21%) demonstrated that 21% of the population was being removed. Based on the biology and ecology of this species, all models applied in this study showed that <i>P. kamoharai</i> had low natural and fishing mortality rates and moderate total mortality; its exploitation rate exceeded the fishing limits. These values and their life history traits indicated that this shark species cannot tolerate any fishing level without threatening its populations.https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/10/1/5natural mortality ratefishing mortality ratetotal mortality rateexploitation ratebiological reference points |
| spellingShingle | Marcos Douglas Calle-Morán Eugenio Alberto Aragón-Noriega Ana Rosa Hernández-Téllez Emigdio Marín-Enríquez Javier Tovar-Ávila Juan Francisco Arzola-González Jorge Payán-Alejo Population Dynamics of the Crocodile Shark, <i>Pseudocarcharias kamoharai</i>, in the Tropical Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Ecuador Fishes natural mortality rate fishing mortality rate total mortality rate exploitation rate biological reference points |
| title | Population Dynamics of the Crocodile Shark, <i>Pseudocarcharias kamoharai</i>, in the Tropical Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Ecuador |
| title_full | Population Dynamics of the Crocodile Shark, <i>Pseudocarcharias kamoharai</i>, in the Tropical Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Ecuador |
| title_fullStr | Population Dynamics of the Crocodile Shark, <i>Pseudocarcharias kamoharai</i>, in the Tropical Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Ecuador |
| title_full_unstemmed | Population Dynamics of the Crocodile Shark, <i>Pseudocarcharias kamoharai</i>, in the Tropical Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Ecuador |
| title_short | Population Dynamics of the Crocodile Shark, <i>Pseudocarcharias kamoharai</i>, in the Tropical Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Ecuador |
| title_sort | population dynamics of the crocodile shark i pseudocarcharias kamoharai i in the tropical equatorial pacific ocean ecuador |
| topic | natural mortality rate fishing mortality rate total mortality rate exploitation rate biological reference points |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/10/1/5 |
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