Adolescents’ agency toward climate change: development and validation of scales for individual, proxy, and collective modes

In a rapidly evolving world, human agency serves as a driving force to shape a more sustainable future. The climate crisis is an example of how individuals must be proactive and take action to mitigate this environmental problem through three modes of agency advocated by Bandura: individual, proxy,...

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Main Authors: Jennifer Cunha, Juliana Martins, José Carlos Núñez, Guillermo Vallejo, Pedro Rosário
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-05-01
Series:Frontiers in Psychology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1532409/full
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author Jennifer Cunha
Juliana Martins
José Carlos Núñez
Guillermo Vallejo
Pedro Rosário
author_facet Jennifer Cunha
Juliana Martins
José Carlos Núñez
Guillermo Vallejo
Pedro Rosário
author_sort Jennifer Cunha
collection DOAJ
description In a rapidly evolving world, human agency serves as a driving force to shape a more sustainable future. The climate crisis is an example of how individuals must be proactive and take action to mitigate this environmental problem through three modes of agency advocated by Bandura: individual, proxy, and collective. This is even more relevant for adolescents, who will most suffer climate change consequences. However, instruments assessing adolescents’ agency modes toward climate change are still lacking. To address this gap, we present the development and validation of three theoretically based scales for assessing each mode of adolescents’ agency toward climate change (AGENTC2). The AGENTC2-Scales were developed based on a literature search, expert review, and consultation with a panel of adolescents. The AGENTC2-Scales were then empirically tested with 1,114 adolescents, and their psychometric properties were assessed, providing evidence of validity (i.e., content, structural, and convergent), measurement invariance (sex and school grade), internal consistency, and test–retest reliability. Data showed that the AGENTC2-Scales can be used to measure each mode of agency toward climate change and their properties validly and reliably. Further research is needed to extend the validation of the scales in other countries.
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publishDate 2025-05-01
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
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spelling doaj-art-e9adb9a9cb7a4dcfba2bc1b2ef949d8d2025-08-20T02:14:50ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychology1664-10782025-05-011610.3389/fpsyg.2025.15324091532409Adolescents’ agency toward climate change: development and validation of scales for individual, proxy, and collective modesJennifer Cunha0Juliana Martins1José Carlos Núñez2Guillermo Vallejo3Pedro Rosário4Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, PortugalPsychology Research Center, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, PortugalDepartamento de Psicología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, SpainDepartamento de Psicología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, SpainPsychology Research Center, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, PortugalIn a rapidly evolving world, human agency serves as a driving force to shape a more sustainable future. The climate crisis is an example of how individuals must be proactive and take action to mitigate this environmental problem through three modes of agency advocated by Bandura: individual, proxy, and collective. This is even more relevant for adolescents, who will most suffer climate change consequences. However, instruments assessing adolescents’ agency modes toward climate change are still lacking. To address this gap, we present the development and validation of three theoretically based scales for assessing each mode of adolescents’ agency toward climate change (AGENTC2). The AGENTC2-Scales were developed based on a literature search, expert review, and consultation with a panel of adolescents. The AGENTC2-Scales were then empirically tested with 1,114 adolescents, and their psychometric properties were assessed, providing evidence of validity (i.e., content, structural, and convergent), measurement invariance (sex and school grade), internal consistency, and test–retest reliability. Data showed that the AGENTC2-Scales can be used to measure each mode of agency toward climate change and their properties validly and reliably. Further research is needed to extend the validation of the scales in other countries.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1532409/fullhuman agencyclimate changeclimate actionadolescentsscale validitymeasurement invariance
spellingShingle Jennifer Cunha
Juliana Martins
José Carlos Núñez
Guillermo Vallejo
Pedro Rosário
Adolescents’ agency toward climate change: development and validation of scales for individual, proxy, and collective modes
Frontiers in Psychology
human agency
climate change
climate action
adolescents
scale validity
measurement invariance
title Adolescents’ agency toward climate change: development and validation of scales for individual, proxy, and collective modes
title_full Adolescents’ agency toward climate change: development and validation of scales for individual, proxy, and collective modes
title_fullStr Adolescents’ agency toward climate change: development and validation of scales for individual, proxy, and collective modes
title_full_unstemmed Adolescents’ agency toward climate change: development and validation of scales for individual, proxy, and collective modes
title_short Adolescents’ agency toward climate change: development and validation of scales for individual, proxy, and collective modes
title_sort adolescents agency toward climate change development and validation of scales for individual proxy and collective modes
topic human agency
climate change
climate action
adolescents
scale validity
measurement invariance
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1532409/full
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AT julianamartins adolescentsagencytowardclimatechangedevelopmentandvalidationofscalesforindividualproxyandcollectivemodes
AT josecarlosnunez adolescentsagencytowardclimatechangedevelopmentandvalidationofscalesforindividualproxyandcollectivemodes
AT guillermovallejo adolescentsagencytowardclimatechangedevelopmentandvalidationofscalesforindividualproxyandcollectivemodes
AT pedrorosario adolescentsagencytowardclimatechangedevelopmentandvalidationofscalesforindividualproxyandcollectivemodes