Combined Model of Tumor–Stroma Ratio and Tumor Budding Are Not Associated with Tumor Recurrence or Metastasis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients
Histopathological grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma is currently based on differentiation of cells, while additional histological parameters, such as the tumor–stroma ratio (TSR), tumor budding (TB), or the combined TSR/tumor budding model could better assess tumor biological behavior and moni...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| author | Drago Boščić Emili Dragaš Andro Košec Goran Geber Čedna Tomasović-Lončarić Davor Vagić |
| author_facet | Drago Boščić Emili Dragaš Andro Košec Goran Geber Čedna Tomasović-Lončarić Davor Vagić |
| author_sort | Drago Boščić |
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| description | Histopathological grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma is currently based on differentiation of cells, while additional histological parameters, such as the tumor–stroma ratio (TSR), tumor budding (TB), or the combined TSR/tumor budding model could better assess tumor biological behavior and monitoring of patients. <b>Background/Objectives</b>: To integrate risk factors associated with tumor progression: the TSR, TB and TSR/tumor budding model, whose prognostic significance in oral cancer has not yet been evaluated. <b>Methods</b>: An observational cohort retrospective study assembled according to STROBE guidelines on histological materials from 196 patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. The goal of the analysis was to evaluate the association between the tumor stroma ratio, tumor budding, and the combined model of TSR/TB with the clinical and pathologic features of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and to determine the prognostic value of this model in relation to disease-free survival (DFS) <b>Results</b>: The analysis did not show that the tumor stroma ratio (TSR), tumor budding, and the combined model of TSR/tumor budding were statistically significantly associated with the occurrence of metastatic disease at the start of treatment or during postoperative follow-up, but confirmed the value of depth-of-invasion (DOI) as a negative prognostic factor (HR 15.3, <i>p</i> < 0.001). <b>Conclusions</b>: The TSR, TB, and the combined TSR/TB model were not found to be statistically significant predictors for the disease progression in the Cox regression survival analysis but were found to have a significant correlation with known negative prognostic factors: DOI, neural invasion, and T category. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e964b140aba94221bc9c8542b2bcfb7e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2075-4418 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Diagnostics |
| spelling | doaj-art-e964b140aba94221bc9c8542b2bcfb7e2025-08-20T03:35:58ZengMDPI AGDiagnostics2075-44182025-07-011515184410.3390/diagnostics15151844Combined Model of Tumor–Stroma Ratio and Tumor Budding Are Not Associated with Tumor Recurrence or Metastasis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma PatientsDrago Boščić0Emili Dragaš1Andro Košec2Goran Geber3Čedna Tomasović-Lončarić4Davor Vagić5Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Dubrava, Avenija Gojka Šuška 6, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaSchool of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaSchool of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Vinogradska Cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Pathology, University Hospital Dubrava, Avenija Gojka Šuška 6, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaSchool of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaHistopathological grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma is currently based on differentiation of cells, while additional histological parameters, such as the tumor–stroma ratio (TSR), tumor budding (TB), or the combined TSR/tumor budding model could better assess tumor biological behavior and monitoring of patients. <b>Background/Objectives</b>: To integrate risk factors associated with tumor progression: the TSR, TB and TSR/tumor budding model, whose prognostic significance in oral cancer has not yet been evaluated. <b>Methods</b>: An observational cohort retrospective study assembled according to STROBE guidelines on histological materials from 196 patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. The goal of the analysis was to evaluate the association between the tumor stroma ratio, tumor budding, and the combined model of TSR/TB with the clinical and pathologic features of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and to determine the prognostic value of this model in relation to disease-free survival (DFS) <b>Results</b>: The analysis did not show that the tumor stroma ratio (TSR), tumor budding, and the combined model of TSR/tumor budding were statistically significantly associated with the occurrence of metastatic disease at the start of treatment or during postoperative follow-up, but confirmed the value of depth-of-invasion (DOI) as a negative prognostic factor (HR 15.3, <i>p</i> < 0.001). <b>Conclusions</b>: The TSR, TB, and the combined TSR/TB model were not found to be statistically significant predictors for the disease progression in the Cox regression survival analysis but were found to have a significant correlation with known negative prognostic factors: DOI, neural invasion, and T category.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/15/1844oral squamous cell carcinomatumor buddinghistopathologyprognosistumor–stroma ratio |
| spellingShingle | Drago Boščić Emili Dragaš Andro Košec Goran Geber Čedna Tomasović-Lončarić Davor Vagić Combined Model of Tumor–Stroma Ratio and Tumor Budding Are Not Associated with Tumor Recurrence or Metastasis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients Diagnostics oral squamous cell carcinoma tumor budding histopathology prognosis tumor–stroma ratio |
| title | Combined Model of Tumor–Stroma Ratio and Tumor Budding Are Not Associated with Tumor Recurrence or Metastasis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients |
| title_full | Combined Model of Tumor–Stroma Ratio and Tumor Budding Are Not Associated with Tumor Recurrence or Metastasis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients |
| title_fullStr | Combined Model of Tumor–Stroma Ratio and Tumor Budding Are Not Associated with Tumor Recurrence or Metastasis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients |
| title_full_unstemmed | Combined Model of Tumor–Stroma Ratio and Tumor Budding Are Not Associated with Tumor Recurrence or Metastasis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients |
| title_short | Combined Model of Tumor–Stroma Ratio and Tumor Budding Are Not Associated with Tumor Recurrence or Metastasis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients |
| title_sort | combined model of tumor stroma ratio and tumor budding are not associated with tumor recurrence or metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients |
| topic | oral squamous cell carcinoma tumor budding histopathology prognosis tumor–stroma ratio |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/15/1844 |
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