Levels and Profile of Tetrodotoxins in Spawning <i>Cephalothrix mokievskii</i> (Palaeonemertea, Nemertea): Assessing the Potential Toxic Pressure on Marine Ecosystems
The ribbon worms of the closely related species <i>Cephalothrix simula</i>, <i>Cephalothrix</i> cf. <i>simula</i>, and <i>Cephalothrix mokievskii</i>, representing the <i>C. simula</i> species complex, possess high concentrations of tetrodo...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Grigorii V. Malykin Peter V. Velansky Timur Yu. Magarlamov |
| author_facet | Grigorii V. Malykin Peter V. Velansky Timur Yu. Magarlamov |
| author_sort | Grigorii V. Malykin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The ribbon worms of the closely related species <i>Cephalothrix simula</i>, <i>Cephalothrix</i> cf. <i>simula</i>, and <i>Cephalothrix mokievskii</i>, representing the <i>C. simula</i> species complex, possess high concentrations of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its analogues in all developmental stages from eggs to adults. It has recently been suggested that the eggs and larvae of these animals can be a source of tetrodotoxins (TTXs) for other aquatic organisms. In the current study, TTXs in mature and post-spawning individuals and in the eggs of <i>C. mokievskii</i> were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. For the first time, the quantity and profile of TTXs that these nemerteans released into the environment during spawning were estimated. We showed that the spawning <i>C. mokievskii</i> females released significant amounts of TTX and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX with their eggs; these levels were sufficient for the potential toxification of marine bioresources. The issues surrounding the monitoring of TTXs in commercial marine animals, and collecting at the sites of the spawning of nemerteans from the <i>C. simula</i> species complex, are discussed. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e86fc753f8f74ceaacb8afda64074270 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-e86fc753f8f74ceaacb8afda640742702025-01-24T13:51:14ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512025-01-011712510.3390/toxins17010025Levels and Profile of Tetrodotoxins in Spawning <i>Cephalothrix mokievskii</i> (Palaeonemertea, Nemertea): Assessing the Potential Toxic Pressure on Marine EcosystemsGrigorii V. Malykin0Peter V. Velansky1Timur Yu. Magarlamov2A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, RussiaA.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, RussiaA.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, RussiaThe ribbon worms of the closely related species <i>Cephalothrix simula</i>, <i>Cephalothrix</i> cf. <i>simula</i>, and <i>Cephalothrix mokievskii</i>, representing the <i>C. simula</i> species complex, possess high concentrations of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its analogues in all developmental stages from eggs to adults. It has recently been suggested that the eggs and larvae of these animals can be a source of tetrodotoxins (TTXs) for other aquatic organisms. In the current study, TTXs in mature and post-spawning individuals and in the eggs of <i>C. mokievskii</i> were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. For the first time, the quantity and profile of TTXs that these nemerteans released into the environment during spawning were estimated. We showed that the spawning <i>C. mokievskii</i> females released significant amounts of TTX and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX with their eggs; these levels were sufficient for the potential toxification of marine bioresources. The issues surrounding the monitoring of TTXs in commercial marine animals, and collecting at the sites of the spawning of nemerteans from the <i>C. simula</i> species complex, are discussed.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/1/25tetrodotoxinTTXribbon wormNemertea<i>Cephalothrix simula</i><i>Cephalothrix mokievskii</i> |
| spellingShingle | Grigorii V. Malykin Peter V. Velansky Timur Yu. Magarlamov Levels and Profile of Tetrodotoxins in Spawning <i>Cephalothrix mokievskii</i> (Palaeonemertea, Nemertea): Assessing the Potential Toxic Pressure on Marine Ecosystems Toxins tetrodotoxin TTX ribbon worm Nemertea <i>Cephalothrix simula</i> <i>Cephalothrix mokievskii</i> |
| title | Levels and Profile of Tetrodotoxins in Spawning <i>Cephalothrix mokievskii</i> (Palaeonemertea, Nemertea): Assessing the Potential Toxic Pressure on Marine Ecosystems |
| title_full | Levels and Profile of Tetrodotoxins in Spawning <i>Cephalothrix mokievskii</i> (Palaeonemertea, Nemertea): Assessing the Potential Toxic Pressure on Marine Ecosystems |
| title_fullStr | Levels and Profile of Tetrodotoxins in Spawning <i>Cephalothrix mokievskii</i> (Palaeonemertea, Nemertea): Assessing the Potential Toxic Pressure on Marine Ecosystems |
| title_full_unstemmed | Levels and Profile of Tetrodotoxins in Spawning <i>Cephalothrix mokievskii</i> (Palaeonemertea, Nemertea): Assessing the Potential Toxic Pressure on Marine Ecosystems |
| title_short | Levels and Profile of Tetrodotoxins in Spawning <i>Cephalothrix mokievskii</i> (Palaeonemertea, Nemertea): Assessing the Potential Toxic Pressure on Marine Ecosystems |
| title_sort | levels and profile of tetrodotoxins in spawning i cephalothrix mokievskii i palaeonemertea nemertea assessing the potential toxic pressure on marine ecosystems |
| topic | tetrodotoxin TTX ribbon worm Nemertea <i>Cephalothrix simula</i> <i>Cephalothrix mokievskii</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/1/25 |
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