Scalar dark matter production through the bubble expansion mechanism: the role of the Lorentz factor and non-renormalizable interactions

Abstract We consider a Bubble Expansion mechanism for the production of scalar dark matter during a first-order phase transition in the very early Universe. Seeking for a dark matter energy density in agreement with observations, we study different renormalizable and non-renormalizable interactions...

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Main Authors: Jose A. R. Cembranos, Jesús Luque, Javier Rubio
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-04-01
Series:European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14064-6
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author Jose A. R. Cembranos
Jesús Luque
Javier Rubio
author_facet Jose A. R. Cembranos
Jesús Luque
Javier Rubio
author_sort Jose A. R. Cembranos
collection DOAJ
description Abstract We consider a Bubble Expansion mechanism for the production of scalar dark matter during a first-order phase transition in the very early Universe. Seeking for a dark matter energy density in agreement with observations, we study different renormalizable and non-renormalizable interactions between the dark matter species and the field undergoing the transition, considering all possible regimes for the Lorentz boost factor associated with the motion of the bubble wall. By employing a combination of analytical and numerical techniques, we demonstrate that sufficient dark matter production is achievable even in the previously unexplored low-velocity bubble expansion regime, enlarging the parameter space and possibilities of the scenario. Notably, for the non-renormalizable interactions it is found that the produced dark matter abundances exhibit a similar qualitative behavior to the renormalizable case, even for low Lorentz boost factors. Furthermore, for a transition around the electroweak scale, the associated gravitational wave spectrum is within the reach of future detectors.
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series European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields
spelling doaj-art-e729e2ebe66b47cea74afd2c4f04f50d2025-08-20T01:54:20ZengSpringerOpenEuropean Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields1434-60522025-04-0185411510.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14064-6Scalar dark matter production through the bubble expansion mechanism: the role of the Lorentz factor and non-renormalizable interactionsJose A. R. Cembranos0Jesús Luque1Javier Rubio2Departamento de Física Teórica and Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos (IPARCOS-UCM), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de MadridDepartamento de Física Teórica and Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos (IPARCOS-UCM), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de MadridDepartamento de Física Teórica and Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos (IPARCOS-UCM), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de MadridAbstract We consider a Bubble Expansion mechanism for the production of scalar dark matter during a first-order phase transition in the very early Universe. Seeking for a dark matter energy density in agreement with observations, we study different renormalizable and non-renormalizable interactions between the dark matter species and the field undergoing the transition, considering all possible regimes for the Lorentz boost factor associated with the motion of the bubble wall. By employing a combination of analytical and numerical techniques, we demonstrate that sufficient dark matter production is achievable even in the previously unexplored low-velocity bubble expansion regime, enlarging the parameter space and possibilities of the scenario. Notably, for the non-renormalizable interactions it is found that the produced dark matter abundances exhibit a similar qualitative behavior to the renormalizable case, even for low Lorentz boost factors. Furthermore, for a transition around the electroweak scale, the associated gravitational wave spectrum is within the reach of future detectors.https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14064-6
spellingShingle Jose A. R. Cembranos
Jesús Luque
Javier Rubio
Scalar dark matter production through the bubble expansion mechanism: the role of the Lorentz factor and non-renormalizable interactions
European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields
title Scalar dark matter production through the bubble expansion mechanism: the role of the Lorentz factor and non-renormalizable interactions
title_full Scalar dark matter production through the bubble expansion mechanism: the role of the Lorentz factor and non-renormalizable interactions
title_fullStr Scalar dark matter production through the bubble expansion mechanism: the role of the Lorentz factor and non-renormalizable interactions
title_full_unstemmed Scalar dark matter production through the bubble expansion mechanism: the role of the Lorentz factor and non-renormalizable interactions
title_short Scalar dark matter production through the bubble expansion mechanism: the role of the Lorentz factor and non-renormalizable interactions
title_sort scalar dark matter production through the bubble expansion mechanism the role of the lorentz factor and non renormalizable interactions
url https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14064-6
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