Crude Drugs for Clearing Heat Contain Compounds Exhibiting Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Interleukin-1β-Treated Rat Hepatocytes
Traditional Japanese medicines, i.e., Kampo medicines, consist of crude drugs (mostly plants) that have empirical pharmacological functions (‘<i>Yakuno</i>’ in Japanese), such as clearing heat. Crude drugs with cold properties, such as <i>Phellodendron</i> bark, have the empi...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Airi Fujii Saki Onishi Nodoka Watanabe Mizuki Kajimura Kentaro Ito Keita Minamisaka Yuto Nishidono Saki Shirako Yukinobu Ikeya Mikio Nishizawa |
| author_facet | Airi Fujii Saki Onishi Nodoka Watanabe Mizuki Kajimura Kentaro Ito Keita Minamisaka Yuto Nishidono Saki Shirako Yukinobu Ikeya Mikio Nishizawa |
| author_sort | Airi Fujii |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Traditional Japanese medicines, i.e., Kampo medicines, consist of crude drugs (mostly plants) that have empirical pharmacological functions (‘<i>Yakuno</i>’ in Japanese), such as clearing heat. Crude drugs with cold properties, such as <i>Phellodendron</i> bark, have the empirical function of clearing heat as they cool the body. Because we found that anti-inflammatory compounds were present in several crude drugs for clearing heat, it is speculated that the empirical function of clearing heat may be linked to anti-inflammatory activities. When 10 typical crude drugs were selected from 22 herbal crude drugs for clearing heat, we identified anti-inflammatory compounds in five crude drugs, including <i>Phellodendron</i> bark. In this study, the other crude drugs were extracted and partitioned with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and <i>n</i>-butanol to obtain three crude fractions. All the EtOAc-soluble fractions, except that from <i>Forsythia</i> fruits, inhibited interleukin (IL)-1β-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in primary-cultured rat hepatocytes. Anti-inflammatory compounds were identified from these EtOAc-soluble fractions: baicalein from <i>Scutellaria</i> roots, (−)-nyasol from <i>Anemarrhena</i> rhizomes, and loniflavone from <i>Lonicera</i> leaves and stems. (+)-Phillygenin was purified from <i>Forsythia</i> fruits by removing cytotoxic oleanolic and betulinic acids. These compounds suppressed the production of NO and cytokines in hepatocytes. Anti-inflammatory compounds were not purified from the EtOAc-soluble fraction of <i>Rehmannia</i> roots because of their low abundance. Collectively, these findings indicate that anti-inflammatory compounds are present in all 10 crude drugs for clearing heat, confirming that these anti-inflammatory compounds in crude drugs provide the empirical functions for clearing heat. Other empirical functions of Kampo medicine can also be explained by modern pharmacological activities. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e6bd19f1e4514af9a040f9efeb56b6a3 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-e6bd19f1e4514af9a040f9efeb56b6a32025-01-24T13:43:58ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-01-0130241610.3390/molecules30020416Crude Drugs for Clearing Heat Contain Compounds Exhibiting Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Interleukin-1β-Treated Rat HepatocytesAiri Fujii0Saki Onishi1Nodoka Watanabe2Mizuki Kajimura3Kentaro Ito4Keita Minamisaka5Yuto Nishidono6Saki Shirako7Yukinobu Ikeya8Mikio Nishizawa9Department of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, JapanDepartment of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, JapanDepartment of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, JapanDepartment of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, JapanDepartment of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, JapanDepartment of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, JapanResearch Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, JapanDepartment of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, JapanResearch Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, JapanDepartment of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, JapanTraditional Japanese medicines, i.e., Kampo medicines, consist of crude drugs (mostly plants) that have empirical pharmacological functions (‘<i>Yakuno</i>’ in Japanese), such as clearing heat. Crude drugs with cold properties, such as <i>Phellodendron</i> bark, have the empirical function of clearing heat as they cool the body. Because we found that anti-inflammatory compounds were present in several crude drugs for clearing heat, it is speculated that the empirical function of clearing heat may be linked to anti-inflammatory activities. When 10 typical crude drugs were selected from 22 herbal crude drugs for clearing heat, we identified anti-inflammatory compounds in five crude drugs, including <i>Phellodendron</i> bark. In this study, the other crude drugs were extracted and partitioned with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and <i>n</i>-butanol to obtain three crude fractions. All the EtOAc-soluble fractions, except that from <i>Forsythia</i> fruits, inhibited interleukin (IL)-1β-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in primary-cultured rat hepatocytes. Anti-inflammatory compounds were identified from these EtOAc-soluble fractions: baicalein from <i>Scutellaria</i> roots, (−)-nyasol from <i>Anemarrhena</i> rhizomes, and loniflavone from <i>Lonicera</i> leaves and stems. (+)-Phillygenin was purified from <i>Forsythia</i> fruits by removing cytotoxic oleanolic and betulinic acids. These compounds suppressed the production of NO and cytokines in hepatocytes. Anti-inflammatory compounds were not purified from the EtOAc-soluble fraction of <i>Rehmannia</i> roots because of their low abundance. Collectively, these findings indicate that anti-inflammatory compounds are present in all 10 crude drugs for clearing heat, confirming that these anti-inflammatory compounds in crude drugs provide the empirical functions for clearing heat. Other empirical functions of Kampo medicine can also be explained by modern pharmacological activities.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/2/416clearing heat<i>Seinetsu</i><i>Yakuno</i>inflammationnitric oxidecytokine |
| spellingShingle | Airi Fujii Saki Onishi Nodoka Watanabe Mizuki Kajimura Kentaro Ito Keita Minamisaka Yuto Nishidono Saki Shirako Yukinobu Ikeya Mikio Nishizawa Crude Drugs for Clearing Heat Contain Compounds Exhibiting Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Interleukin-1β-Treated Rat Hepatocytes Molecules clearing heat <i>Seinetsu</i> <i>Yakuno</i> inflammation nitric oxide cytokine |
| title | Crude Drugs for Clearing Heat Contain Compounds Exhibiting Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Interleukin-1β-Treated Rat Hepatocytes |
| title_full | Crude Drugs for Clearing Heat Contain Compounds Exhibiting Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Interleukin-1β-Treated Rat Hepatocytes |
| title_fullStr | Crude Drugs for Clearing Heat Contain Compounds Exhibiting Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Interleukin-1β-Treated Rat Hepatocytes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Crude Drugs for Clearing Heat Contain Compounds Exhibiting Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Interleukin-1β-Treated Rat Hepatocytes |
| title_short | Crude Drugs for Clearing Heat Contain Compounds Exhibiting Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Interleukin-1β-Treated Rat Hepatocytes |
| title_sort | crude drugs for clearing heat contain compounds exhibiting anti inflammatory effects in interleukin 1β treated rat hepatocytes |
| topic | clearing heat <i>Seinetsu</i> <i>Yakuno</i> inflammation nitric oxide cytokine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/2/416 |
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