Blood buffers: The viewpoint of a biochemist
Abstract Mammalian blood is a very complex system whose multiple physiological roles require that its pH is maintained constant, in spite of the necessity of carrying over 15 moles of CO2 a day from the tissues to the lungs. The blood pH is maintained constant by several buffers, whose interplay is...
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Wiley
2025-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70333 |
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| author | Andrea Bellelli |
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| description | Abstract Mammalian blood is a very complex system whose multiple physiological roles require that its pH is maintained constant, in spite of the necessity of carrying over 15 moles of CO2 a day from the tissues to the lungs. The blood pH is maintained constant by several buffers, whose interplay is complex. The study of blood buffers is over a century old and has crossed major reinterpretations of the nature of acids and bases, from Arrhenius to Bronsted and Lowry, as well as an enormous evolution of our knowledge of protein structure, proteins being the most relevant among blood buffers. As a consequence, several theories have been developed to explain the physiological and pathological fluctuations of blood pH. This review compares the three main theories currently used: that based on the Strong Ions Difference (SID), due to Stewart and his followers; that based on the Base Excess, due to the Copenhagen school of respiration physiology; and the physiological one, due to the Boston school. These theories are not alternative but complementary and can be reconciled with each other, provided that some erroneous assumptions are corrected, and all three are expressed using the definitions proposed by Bronsted and Lowry. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e6343a19a10d4bbabbdfd8ffa1bf5c7e |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2051-817X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
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| series | Physiological Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-e6343a19a10d4bbabbdfd8ffa1bf5c7e2025-08-20T02:30:32ZengWileyPhysiological Reports2051-817X2025-05-01139n/an/a10.14814/phy2.70333Blood buffers: The viewpoint of a biochemistAndrea Bellelli0Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli” Sapienza University of Rome Rome ItalyAbstract Mammalian blood is a very complex system whose multiple physiological roles require that its pH is maintained constant, in spite of the necessity of carrying over 15 moles of CO2 a day from the tissues to the lungs. The blood pH is maintained constant by several buffers, whose interplay is complex. The study of blood buffers is over a century old and has crossed major reinterpretations of the nature of acids and bases, from Arrhenius to Bronsted and Lowry, as well as an enormous evolution of our knowledge of protein structure, proteins being the most relevant among blood buffers. As a consequence, several theories have been developed to explain the physiological and pathological fluctuations of blood pH. This review compares the three main theories currently used: that based on the Strong Ions Difference (SID), due to Stewart and his followers; that based on the Base Excess, due to the Copenhagen school of respiration physiology; and the physiological one, due to the Boston school. These theories are not alternative but complementary and can be reconciled with each other, provided that some erroneous assumptions are corrected, and all three are expressed using the definitions proposed by Bronsted and Lowry.https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70333acidosisalkalosisCO2hypercapniahypocapniaSID |
| spellingShingle | Andrea Bellelli Blood buffers: The viewpoint of a biochemist Physiological Reports acidosis alkalosis CO2 hypercapnia hypocapnia SID |
| title | Blood buffers: The viewpoint of a biochemist |
| title_full | Blood buffers: The viewpoint of a biochemist |
| title_fullStr | Blood buffers: The viewpoint of a biochemist |
| title_full_unstemmed | Blood buffers: The viewpoint of a biochemist |
| title_short | Blood buffers: The viewpoint of a biochemist |
| title_sort | blood buffers the viewpoint of a biochemist |
| topic | acidosis alkalosis CO2 hypercapnia hypocapnia SID |
| url | https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70333 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT andreabellelli bloodbufferstheviewpointofabiochemist |