Wearable Loop Sensors for Knee Flexion Monitoring: Dynamic Measurements on Human Subjects
<italic>Goals:</italic> We have recently introduced a new class of wearable loop sensors for joint flexion monitoring that overcomes limitations in the state-of-the-art. Our previous studies reported a proof-of-concept on a cylindrical phantom limb, under static scenarios and with a rigi...
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IEEE
2024-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10568308/ |
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| author | Ian Anderson Christopher Cosma Yingzhe Zhang Vigyanshu Mishra Asimina Kiourti |
| author_facet | Ian Anderson Christopher Cosma Yingzhe Zhang Vigyanshu Mishra Asimina Kiourti |
| author_sort | Ian Anderson |
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| description | <italic>Goals:</italic> We have recently introduced a new class of wearable loop sensors for joint flexion monitoring that overcomes limitations in the state-of-the-art. Our previous studies reported a proof-of-concept on a cylindrical phantom limb, under static scenarios and with a rigid sensor. In this work, we evaluate our sensors, for the first time, on human subjects, under dynamic scenarios, using a flexible textile-based prototype tethered to a network analyzer. An untethered version is also presented and validated on phantoms, aiming towards a fully wearable design. <italic>Methods:</italic> Three dynamic activities (walking, brisk walking, and full flexion/extension, all performed in place) are used to validate the tethered sensor on ten (10) adults. The untethered sensor is validated upon a cylindrical phantom that is bent manually at random speed. A calibration mechanism is developed to derive the sensor-measured angles. These angles are then compared to gold-standard angles simultaneously captured by a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) depth camera using root mean square error (RMSE) and Pearson's correlation coefficient as metrics. <italic>Results:</italic> We find excellent correlation (≥ 0.981) to gold-standard angles. The sensor achieves an RMSE of 4.463° ± 1.266° for walking, 5.541° ± 2.082° for brisk walking, 3.657° ± 1.815° for full flexion/extension activities, and 0.670° ± 0.366° for the phantom bending test. <italic>Conclusion:</italic> The tethered sensor achieves similar to slightly higher RMSE as compared to other wearable flexion sensors on human subjects, while the untethered version achieves excellent RMSE on the phantom model. Concurrently, our sensors are reliable over time and injury-safe, and do not obstruct natural movement. Our results set the ground for future improvements in angular resolution and for realizing fully wearable designs, while maintaining the abovementioned advantages over the state-of-the-art. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e59e25bbf4eb4438a9754e55de3c5a10 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2644-1276 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology |
| spelling | doaj-art-e59e25bbf4eb4438a9754e55de3c5a102025-01-30T00:03:51ZengIEEEIEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology2644-12762024-01-01554255010.1109/OJEMB.2024.341737610568308Wearable Loop Sensors for Knee Flexion Monitoring: Dynamic Measurements on Human SubjectsIan Anderson0Christopher Cosma1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1926-843XYingzhe Zhang2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9099-2442Vigyanshu Mishra3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1461-2724Asimina Kiourti4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7111-9442ElectroScience Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USAElectroScience Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USAElectroScience Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USAElectroScience Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USAElectroScience Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA<italic>Goals:</italic> We have recently introduced a new class of wearable loop sensors for joint flexion monitoring that overcomes limitations in the state-of-the-art. Our previous studies reported a proof-of-concept on a cylindrical phantom limb, under static scenarios and with a rigid sensor. In this work, we evaluate our sensors, for the first time, on human subjects, under dynamic scenarios, using a flexible textile-based prototype tethered to a network analyzer. An untethered version is also presented and validated on phantoms, aiming towards a fully wearable design. <italic>Methods:</italic> Three dynamic activities (walking, brisk walking, and full flexion/extension, all performed in place) are used to validate the tethered sensor on ten (10) adults. The untethered sensor is validated upon a cylindrical phantom that is bent manually at random speed. A calibration mechanism is developed to derive the sensor-measured angles. These angles are then compared to gold-standard angles simultaneously captured by a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) depth camera using root mean square error (RMSE) and Pearson's correlation coefficient as metrics. <italic>Results:</italic> We find excellent correlation (≥ 0.981) to gold-standard angles. The sensor achieves an RMSE of 4.463° ± 1.266° for walking, 5.541° ± 2.082° for brisk walking, 3.657° ± 1.815° for full flexion/extension activities, and 0.670° ± 0.366° for the phantom bending test. <italic>Conclusion:</italic> The tethered sensor achieves similar to slightly higher RMSE as compared to other wearable flexion sensors on human subjects, while the untethered version achieves excellent RMSE on the phantom model. Concurrently, our sensors are reliable over time and injury-safe, and do not obstruct natural movement. Our results set the ground for future improvements in angular resolution and for realizing fully wearable designs, while maintaining the abovementioned advantages over the state-of-the-art.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10568308/Calibrationdynamic motion capturee-textilehuman subject validationloop sensorsjoint flexion |
| spellingShingle | Ian Anderson Christopher Cosma Yingzhe Zhang Vigyanshu Mishra Asimina Kiourti Wearable Loop Sensors for Knee Flexion Monitoring: Dynamic Measurements on Human Subjects IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology Calibration dynamic motion capture e-textile human subject validation loop sensors joint flexion |
| title | Wearable Loop Sensors for Knee Flexion Monitoring: Dynamic Measurements on Human Subjects |
| title_full | Wearable Loop Sensors for Knee Flexion Monitoring: Dynamic Measurements on Human Subjects |
| title_fullStr | Wearable Loop Sensors for Knee Flexion Monitoring: Dynamic Measurements on Human Subjects |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wearable Loop Sensors for Knee Flexion Monitoring: Dynamic Measurements on Human Subjects |
| title_short | Wearable Loop Sensors for Knee Flexion Monitoring: Dynamic Measurements on Human Subjects |
| title_sort | wearable loop sensors for knee flexion monitoring dynamic measurements on human subjects |
| topic | Calibration dynamic motion capture e-textile human subject validation loop sensors joint flexion |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10568308/ |
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