Risk of Secondary Bacterial Infections Revealed by Changes in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> Skin and Gill Microbiota During a <i>Cryptocaryon irritans</i> Infection Cycle
This study aims to investigate the response of surface bacterial communities in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> to <i>Cryptocaryon irritans</i> infection at different stages of a single infection cycle (0~168 h). These samples were analyzed using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-07-01
|
| Series: | Microorganisms |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/7/1660 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850071524122296320 |
|---|---|
| author | Naiqi Liang Li Zhu Shifeng Wang Weihao Zhang Xinlei Lin Yongcan Zhou Haizhu Ke Shanheng Yuan Meijing Li Yan Cai |
| author_facet | Naiqi Liang Li Zhu Shifeng Wang Weihao Zhang Xinlei Lin Yongcan Zhou Haizhu Ke Shanheng Yuan Meijing Li Yan Cai |
| author_sort | Naiqi Liang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aims to investigate the response of surface bacterial communities in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> to <i>Cryptocaryon irritans</i> infection at different stages of a single infection cycle (0~168 h). These samples were analyzed using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing. Alpha diversity analysis showed a reduction in the richness and diversity of skin microbiota during infection, with partial recovery post-detachment. Beta diversity analysis revealed distinct structural shifts in skin microbiota at early (24 h) and post-detachment (168 h) stages compared to other phases, while gill microbiota remained stable except during detachment. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were dominant on the skin at different stages, whereas the gill microbiota was predominantly Proteobacteria (>90%). At the genus level, opportunistic pathogens, such as <i>Vibrio</i> and <i>Nautella</i>, increased in relative abundance on the skin with the infection progression, while gill microbiota composition barely changed. The hepatic bacterial load continued to increase with infection duration. These findings indicate that <i>C. irritans</i> alters microbiota composition on skin, facilitating pathogen invasion, thereby elevating the risk of secondary bacterial infections in <i>T. ovatus</i>. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e57e4adfe0444f41900a815f4c0fc180 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj-art-e57e4adfe0444f41900a815f4c0fc1802025-08-20T02:47:17ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072025-07-01137166010.3390/microorganisms13071660Risk of Secondary Bacterial Infections Revealed by Changes in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> Skin and Gill Microbiota During a <i>Cryptocaryon irritans</i> Infection CycleNaiqi Liang0Li Zhu1Shifeng Wang2Weihao Zhang3Xinlei Lin4Yongcan Zhou5Haizhu Ke6Shanheng Yuan7Meijing Li8Yan Cai9Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, ChinaHainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, ChinaHainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, ChinaHainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, ChinaHainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, ChinaHainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, ChinaHainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, ChinaHainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, ChinaHainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, ChinaHainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, ChinaThis study aims to investigate the response of surface bacterial communities in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> to <i>Cryptocaryon irritans</i> infection at different stages of a single infection cycle (0~168 h). These samples were analyzed using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing. Alpha diversity analysis showed a reduction in the richness and diversity of skin microbiota during infection, with partial recovery post-detachment. Beta diversity analysis revealed distinct structural shifts in skin microbiota at early (24 h) and post-detachment (168 h) stages compared to other phases, while gill microbiota remained stable except during detachment. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were dominant on the skin at different stages, whereas the gill microbiota was predominantly Proteobacteria (>90%). At the genus level, opportunistic pathogens, such as <i>Vibrio</i> and <i>Nautella</i>, increased in relative abundance on the skin with the infection progression, while gill microbiota composition barely changed. The hepatic bacterial load continued to increase with infection duration. These findings indicate that <i>C. irritans</i> alters microbiota composition on skin, facilitating pathogen invasion, thereby elevating the risk of secondary bacterial infections in <i>T. ovatus</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/7/1660<i>Trachinotus ovatus</i><i>Cryptocaryon irritans</i>microbiotaskin and gillsecondary bacterial infectionssafety |
| spellingShingle | Naiqi Liang Li Zhu Shifeng Wang Weihao Zhang Xinlei Lin Yongcan Zhou Haizhu Ke Shanheng Yuan Meijing Li Yan Cai Risk of Secondary Bacterial Infections Revealed by Changes in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> Skin and Gill Microbiota During a <i>Cryptocaryon irritans</i> Infection Cycle Microorganisms <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> <i>Cryptocaryon irritans</i> microbiota skin and gill secondary bacterial infections safety |
| title | Risk of Secondary Bacterial Infections Revealed by Changes in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> Skin and Gill Microbiota During a <i>Cryptocaryon irritans</i> Infection Cycle |
| title_full | Risk of Secondary Bacterial Infections Revealed by Changes in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> Skin and Gill Microbiota During a <i>Cryptocaryon irritans</i> Infection Cycle |
| title_fullStr | Risk of Secondary Bacterial Infections Revealed by Changes in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> Skin and Gill Microbiota During a <i>Cryptocaryon irritans</i> Infection Cycle |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk of Secondary Bacterial Infections Revealed by Changes in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> Skin and Gill Microbiota During a <i>Cryptocaryon irritans</i> Infection Cycle |
| title_short | Risk of Secondary Bacterial Infections Revealed by Changes in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> Skin and Gill Microbiota During a <i>Cryptocaryon irritans</i> Infection Cycle |
| title_sort | risk of secondary bacterial infections revealed by changes in i trachinotus ovatus i skin and gill microbiota during a i cryptocaryon irritans i infection cycle |
| topic | <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> <i>Cryptocaryon irritans</i> microbiota skin and gill secondary bacterial infections safety |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/7/1660 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT naiqiliang riskofsecondarybacterialinfectionsrevealedbychangesinitrachinotusovatusiskinandgillmicrobiotaduringaicryptocaryonirritansiinfectioncycle AT lizhu riskofsecondarybacterialinfectionsrevealedbychangesinitrachinotusovatusiskinandgillmicrobiotaduringaicryptocaryonirritansiinfectioncycle AT shifengwang riskofsecondarybacterialinfectionsrevealedbychangesinitrachinotusovatusiskinandgillmicrobiotaduringaicryptocaryonirritansiinfectioncycle AT weihaozhang riskofsecondarybacterialinfectionsrevealedbychangesinitrachinotusovatusiskinandgillmicrobiotaduringaicryptocaryonirritansiinfectioncycle AT xinleilin riskofsecondarybacterialinfectionsrevealedbychangesinitrachinotusovatusiskinandgillmicrobiotaduringaicryptocaryonirritansiinfectioncycle AT yongcanzhou riskofsecondarybacterialinfectionsrevealedbychangesinitrachinotusovatusiskinandgillmicrobiotaduringaicryptocaryonirritansiinfectioncycle AT haizhuke riskofsecondarybacterialinfectionsrevealedbychangesinitrachinotusovatusiskinandgillmicrobiotaduringaicryptocaryonirritansiinfectioncycle AT shanhengyuan riskofsecondarybacterialinfectionsrevealedbychangesinitrachinotusovatusiskinandgillmicrobiotaduringaicryptocaryonirritansiinfectioncycle AT meijingli riskofsecondarybacterialinfectionsrevealedbychangesinitrachinotusovatusiskinandgillmicrobiotaduringaicryptocaryonirritansiinfectioncycle AT yancai riskofsecondarybacterialinfectionsrevealedbychangesinitrachinotusovatusiskinandgillmicrobiotaduringaicryptocaryonirritansiinfectioncycle |