Assessment of the Accuracy of Terrestrial Laser Scanners in Detecting Local Surface Anomaly

The surface anomaly is a common defect for structures that resist lateral stresses, such as retaining walls. The accurate detection of an anomaly using contactless techniques, such as the Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS), is significant for the reliable structural assessment. The influence of the sca...

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Main Authors: Ali Algadhi, Panos Psimoulis, Athina Grizi, Luis Neves
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-12-01
Series:Remote Sensing
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4647
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author Ali Algadhi
Panos Psimoulis
Athina Grizi
Luis Neves
author_facet Ali Algadhi
Panos Psimoulis
Athina Grizi
Luis Neves
author_sort Ali Algadhi
collection DOAJ
description The surface anomaly is a common defect for structures that resist lateral stresses, such as retaining walls. The accurate detection of an anomaly using contactless techniques, such as the Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS), is significant for the reliable structural assessment. The influence of the scanning geometry on the accuracy of the TLS point-clouds was investigated in previous studies; however, a deeper analysis is needed to investigate their impact in the context of structural health monitoring. This paper aims to empirically assess the performance of the TLS in detecting surface anomalies, with respect to the scanning distance and angle of incidence in two cases: (i) when both the reference and deformed clouds are taken from the same scanning position, and (ii) the scans are from different positions. Furthermore, the paper examines the accuracy of estimating the depth of the anomaly using three cloud comparison techniques (i.e., C2C, C2M, and M3C2 methods). The results show that the TLS is capable of detecting the surface anomaly for distances between 2 and 30 m and angles of incidence between 90° and 30°, with a tolerance of within a few millimeters. This is achieved even for the case where scans from different locations (i.e., angles and distances) are applied.
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spelling doaj-art-e4fb47fa2d8a4255bb81e953953ca6442025-08-20T02:01:21ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922024-12-011624464710.3390/rs16244647Assessment of the Accuracy of Terrestrial Laser Scanners in Detecting Local Surface AnomalyAli Algadhi0Panos Psimoulis1Athina Grizi2Luis Neves3Department of Civil Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi ArabiaNottingham Geospatial Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UKRegion of Western Greece, 26443 Patras, GreeceDepartment of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UKThe surface anomaly is a common defect for structures that resist lateral stresses, such as retaining walls. The accurate detection of an anomaly using contactless techniques, such as the Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS), is significant for the reliable structural assessment. The influence of the scanning geometry on the accuracy of the TLS point-clouds was investigated in previous studies; however, a deeper analysis is needed to investigate their impact in the context of structural health monitoring. This paper aims to empirically assess the performance of the TLS in detecting surface anomalies, with respect to the scanning distance and angle of incidence in two cases: (i) when both the reference and deformed clouds are taken from the same scanning position, and (ii) the scans are from different positions. Furthermore, the paper examines the accuracy of estimating the depth of the anomaly using three cloud comparison techniques (i.e., C2C, C2M, and M3C2 methods). The results show that the TLS is capable of detecting the surface anomaly for distances between 2 and 30 m and angles of incidence between 90° and 30°, with a tolerance of within a few millimeters. This is achieved even for the case where scans from different locations (i.e., angles and distances) are applied.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4647TLSSHMsurface anomalychange detectionC2CC2M
spellingShingle Ali Algadhi
Panos Psimoulis
Athina Grizi
Luis Neves
Assessment of the Accuracy of Terrestrial Laser Scanners in Detecting Local Surface Anomaly
Remote Sensing
TLS
SHM
surface anomaly
change detection
C2C
C2M
title Assessment of the Accuracy of Terrestrial Laser Scanners in Detecting Local Surface Anomaly
title_full Assessment of the Accuracy of Terrestrial Laser Scanners in Detecting Local Surface Anomaly
title_fullStr Assessment of the Accuracy of Terrestrial Laser Scanners in Detecting Local Surface Anomaly
title_full_unstemmed Assessment of the Accuracy of Terrestrial Laser Scanners in Detecting Local Surface Anomaly
title_short Assessment of the Accuracy of Terrestrial Laser Scanners in Detecting Local Surface Anomaly
title_sort assessment of the accuracy of terrestrial laser scanners in detecting local surface anomaly
topic TLS
SHM
surface anomaly
change detection
C2C
C2M
url https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/24/4647
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AT panospsimoulis assessmentoftheaccuracyofterrestriallaserscannersindetectinglocalsurfaceanomaly
AT athinagrizi assessmentoftheaccuracyofterrestriallaserscannersindetectinglocalsurfaceanomaly
AT luisneves assessmentoftheaccuracyofterrestriallaserscannersindetectinglocalsurfaceanomaly