AI-teacher agreement in evaluating learning diaries

Learning diaries are reflective tools, often used as formative assessments in adult education with the aim to promote cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies. As grading of and feedback on learning diaries is effortful for teachers, artificial intelligence (AI) may assist teachers in evaluat...

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Main Authors: Lhea Reinhold, Marion Händel, Nick Naujoks-Schober
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Education
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2025.1601789/full
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author Lhea Reinhold
Marion Händel
Nick Naujoks-Schober
author_facet Lhea Reinhold
Marion Händel
Nick Naujoks-Schober
author_sort Lhea Reinhold
collection DOAJ
description Learning diaries are reflective tools, often used as formative assessments in adult education with the aim to promote cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies. As grading of and feedback on learning diaries is effortful for teachers, artificial intelligence (AI) may assist teachers in evaluating learning diaries. A prerequisite is that AI's ratings show high accordance with the teachers' ratings. AI accuracy, measured via absolute accuracy and bias, is the focus of the current study with N = 540 learning diary entries focusing on learning strategies, seven teachers, and ChatGPT-4o. Findings revealed that AI evaluations align closely with teacher assessments, indicated by high overall accuracy and low bias. Interestingly, the accuracy varied based on the types of learning strategies assessed in the diaries. Additionally, individual teacher assessments influenced the alignment between human and AI evaluations, suggesting that teachers applied their profession-specific expertise to the assessment process while AI produced somewhat generic evaluations. Overall, the study results indicate that AI can enhance the efficiency of formative assessments while providing timely feedback to learners.
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spelling doaj-art-e3e044a522da497f84f802f4cf3b1c062025-08-20T03:50:26ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Education2504-284X2025-07-011010.3389/feduc.2025.16017891601789AI-teacher agreement in evaluating learning diariesLhea Reinhold0Marion Händel1Nick Naujoks-Schober2Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences, and Theology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, GermanyFaculty of Media, Ansbach University of Applied Sciences, Ansbach, GermanyFaculty of Media, Ansbach University of Applied Sciences, Ansbach, GermanyLearning diaries are reflective tools, often used as formative assessments in adult education with the aim to promote cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies. As grading of and feedback on learning diaries is effortful for teachers, artificial intelligence (AI) may assist teachers in evaluating learning diaries. A prerequisite is that AI's ratings show high accordance with the teachers' ratings. AI accuracy, measured via absolute accuracy and bias, is the focus of the current study with N = 540 learning diary entries focusing on learning strategies, seven teachers, and ChatGPT-4o. Findings revealed that AI evaluations align closely with teacher assessments, indicated by high overall accuracy and low bias. Interestingly, the accuracy varied based on the types of learning strategies assessed in the diaries. Additionally, individual teacher assessments influenced the alignment between human and AI evaluations, suggesting that teachers applied their profession-specific expertise to the assessment process while AI produced somewhat generic evaluations. Overall, the study results indicate that AI can enhance the efficiency of formative assessments while providing timely feedback to learners.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2025.1601789/fulllearning diaryAI assessmentAI accuracyAI-teacher agreementadult education
spellingShingle Lhea Reinhold
Marion Händel
Nick Naujoks-Schober
AI-teacher agreement in evaluating learning diaries
Frontiers in Education
learning diary
AI assessment
AI accuracy
AI-teacher agreement
adult education
title AI-teacher agreement in evaluating learning diaries
title_full AI-teacher agreement in evaluating learning diaries
title_fullStr AI-teacher agreement in evaluating learning diaries
title_full_unstemmed AI-teacher agreement in evaluating learning diaries
title_short AI-teacher agreement in evaluating learning diaries
title_sort ai teacher agreement in evaluating learning diaries
topic learning diary
AI assessment
AI accuracy
AI-teacher agreement
adult education
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2025.1601789/full
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