Does promising facilitate children’s delay of gratification in interdependent contexts?

For cooperation to succeed, individuals must often ‘delay gratification’ and forego an immediate reward for a larger delayed reward that is co-produced through the cooperative act. This experiment asked whether a promise to wait increased children’s propensity to coordinate with their partner by wai...

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Main Authors: Rebecca Koomen, Owen Waddington, Leonor Santana Miranda Goncalves, Bahar Köymen, Keith Jensen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: The Royal Society 2025-05-01
Series:Royal Society Open Science
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Online Access:https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.250392
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author Rebecca Koomen
Owen Waddington
Leonor Santana Miranda Goncalves
Bahar Köymen
Keith Jensen
author_facet Rebecca Koomen
Owen Waddington
Leonor Santana Miranda Goncalves
Bahar Köymen
Keith Jensen
author_sort Rebecca Koomen
collection DOAJ
description For cooperation to succeed, individuals must often ‘delay gratification’ and forego an immediate reward for a larger delayed reward that is co-produced through the cooperative act. This experiment asked whether a promise to wait increased children’s propensity to coordinate with their partner by waiting to eat their own treat. In this first cooperative marshmallow test conducted online, 5- to 6-year-old UK-based children (n = 66) interacted from their homes via video call with a confederate child who either promised not to eat his treat (promise condition) or expressed the possibility that he might eat his treat (social risk condition). Across the full dataset and a reduced dataset in which participants were not accidentally interrupted during the task (n = 48), children in the promise condition waited longer to eat their treat than children in the social risk condition. Younger children, but not older children, also successfully delayed gratification more often in the promise condition than in the social risk condition. Thus, even when communication is one-sided in an interdependent marshmallow task, explicit promises can support children’s motivation to delay gratification relative to explicit uncertainty.
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spelling doaj-art-e3bf960f8cd14496b7fcd9decb2ee8d92025-08-20T02:57:52ZengThe Royal SocietyRoyal Society Open Science2054-57032025-05-0112510.1098/rsos.250392Does promising facilitate children’s delay of gratification in interdependent contexts?Rebecca Koomen0Owen Waddington1Leonor Santana Miranda Goncalves2Bahar Köymen3Keith Jensen4School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, MoroccoDivision of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UKDivision of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UKDivision of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UKDivision of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UKFor cooperation to succeed, individuals must often ‘delay gratification’ and forego an immediate reward for a larger delayed reward that is co-produced through the cooperative act. This experiment asked whether a promise to wait increased children’s propensity to coordinate with their partner by waiting to eat their own treat. In this first cooperative marshmallow test conducted online, 5- to 6-year-old UK-based children (n = 66) interacted from their homes via video call with a confederate child who either promised not to eat his treat (promise condition) or expressed the possibility that he might eat his treat (social risk condition). Across the full dataset and a reduced dataset in which participants were not accidentally interrupted during the task (n = 48), children in the promise condition waited longer to eat their treat than children in the social risk condition. Younger children, but not older children, also successfully delayed gratification more often in the promise condition than in the social risk condition. Thus, even when communication is one-sided in an interdependent marshmallow task, explicit promises can support children’s motivation to delay gratification relative to explicit uncertainty.https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.250392delay of gratificationcooperationmarshmallow paradigmpromises
spellingShingle Rebecca Koomen
Owen Waddington
Leonor Santana Miranda Goncalves
Bahar Köymen
Keith Jensen
Does promising facilitate children’s delay of gratification in interdependent contexts?
Royal Society Open Science
delay of gratification
cooperation
marshmallow paradigm
promises
title Does promising facilitate children’s delay of gratification in interdependent contexts?
title_full Does promising facilitate children’s delay of gratification in interdependent contexts?
title_fullStr Does promising facilitate children’s delay of gratification in interdependent contexts?
title_full_unstemmed Does promising facilitate children’s delay of gratification in interdependent contexts?
title_short Does promising facilitate children’s delay of gratification in interdependent contexts?
title_sort does promising facilitate children s delay of gratification in interdependent contexts
topic delay of gratification
cooperation
marshmallow paradigm
promises
url https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.250392
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