Evaluation of Sparse Acoustic Array Geometries for the Application in Indoor Localization

Angle-of-arrival (AoA) estimation technology, with its potential advantages, emerges as an intriguing choice for indoor localization. Notably, it holds the promise of reducing installation costs. In contrast to time-of-flight (ToF)/time-difference-of-arrival (TDoA) based systems, AoA-based approache...

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Main Authors: Georg K.J. Fischer, Niklas Thiedecke, Thomas Schaechtle, Andrea Gabbrielli, Fabian Hoflinger, Alexander Stolz, Stefan J. Rupitsch
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IEEE 2024-01-01
Series:IEEE Journal of Indoor and Seamless Positioning and Navigation
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Online Access:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10707198/
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author Georg K.J. Fischer
Niklas Thiedecke
Thomas Schaechtle
Andrea Gabbrielli
Fabian Hoflinger
Alexander Stolz
Stefan J. Rupitsch
author_facet Georg K.J. Fischer
Niklas Thiedecke
Thomas Schaechtle
Andrea Gabbrielli
Fabian Hoflinger
Alexander Stolz
Stefan J. Rupitsch
author_sort Georg K.J. Fischer
collection DOAJ
description Angle-of-arrival (AoA) estimation technology, with its potential advantages, emerges as an intriguing choice for indoor localization. Notably, it holds the promise of reducing installation costs. In contrast to time-of-flight (ToF)/time-difference-of-arrival (TDoA) based systems, AoA-based approaches require a reduced number of nodes for effective localization. This characteristic establishes a tradeoff between installation costs and the complexity of hardware and software. Moreover, the appeal of acoustic localization is further heightened by its capacity to provide cost-effective hardware solutions while maintaining a high degree of accuracy. Consequently, acoustic AoA estimation technology stands out as a feasible and compelling option in the field of indoor localization. Sparse arrays additionally have the ability to estimate the direction-of-arrival (DoA) of more sources than available sensors by placing sensors in a specific geometry. In this contribution, we introduce a measurement platform designed to evaluate various sparse array geometries experimentally. The acoustic microphone array comprises 64 microphones arranged in an 8&#x00D7;8 grid, following an uniform rectangular array (URA) configuration, with a grid spacing of 8.255 mm. This configuration achieves a spatial Nyquist frequency of approximately 20.8 kHz in the acoustic domain at room temperature. Notably, the array exhibits a mean spherical error of 1.26<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula> when excluding higher elevation angles. The platform allows for masking sensors to simulate sparse array configurations. We assess four array geometries through simulations and experimental data, identifying the open-box and nested array geometries as robust candidates. In addition, we demonstrate the array&#x0027;s capability to concurrently estimate the directions of three emitting sources using experimental data, employing waveforms consisting of orthogonal codes.
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publishDate 2024-01-01
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series IEEE Journal of Indoor and Seamless Positioning and Navigation
spelling doaj-art-e33dccb2bf7b4b1284cfb5addfecf3b02025-08-20T02:05:01ZengIEEEIEEE Journal of Indoor and Seamless Positioning and Navigation2832-73222024-01-01226327410.1109/JISPIN.2024.347601110707198Evaluation of Sparse Acoustic Array Geometries for the Application in Indoor LocalizationGeorg K.J. Fischer0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1460-1061Niklas Thiedecke1https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9432-320XThomas Schaechtle2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5304-4213Andrea Gabbrielli3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3167-760XFabian Hoflinger4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5877-1439Alexander Stolz5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4730-8830Stefan J. Rupitsch6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4806-9838Fraunhofer Institute for Highspeed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institute, Freiburg, GermanyBosch Sensortec GmbH, Reutlingen, GermanyFraunhofer Institute for Highspeed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institute, Freiburg, GermanyDepartment of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, GermanyFraunhofer Institute for Highspeed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institute, Freiburg, GermanyFraunhofer Institute for Highspeed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institute, Freiburg, GermanyDepartment of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, GermanyAngle-of-arrival (AoA) estimation technology, with its potential advantages, emerges as an intriguing choice for indoor localization. Notably, it holds the promise of reducing installation costs. In contrast to time-of-flight (ToF)/time-difference-of-arrival (TDoA) based systems, AoA-based approaches require a reduced number of nodes for effective localization. This characteristic establishes a tradeoff between installation costs and the complexity of hardware and software. Moreover, the appeal of acoustic localization is further heightened by its capacity to provide cost-effective hardware solutions while maintaining a high degree of accuracy. Consequently, acoustic AoA estimation technology stands out as a feasible and compelling option in the field of indoor localization. Sparse arrays additionally have the ability to estimate the direction-of-arrival (DoA) of more sources than available sensors by placing sensors in a specific geometry. In this contribution, we introduce a measurement platform designed to evaluate various sparse array geometries experimentally. The acoustic microphone array comprises 64 microphones arranged in an 8&#x00D7;8 grid, following an uniform rectangular array (URA) configuration, with a grid spacing of 8.255 mm. This configuration achieves a spatial Nyquist frequency of approximately 20.8 kHz in the acoustic domain at room temperature. Notably, the array exhibits a mean spherical error of 1.26<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula> when excluding higher elevation angles. The platform allows for masking sensors to simulate sparse array configurations. We assess four array geometries through simulations and experimental data, identifying the open-box and nested array geometries as robust candidates. In addition, we demonstrate the array&#x0027;s capability to concurrently estimate the directions of three emitting sources using experimental data, employing waveforms consisting of orthogonal codes.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10707198/Acoustic localizationangle-of-arrival (AoA)array signal processingdirection-of-arrival (DoA)DoA estimationindoor localization
spellingShingle Georg K.J. Fischer
Niklas Thiedecke
Thomas Schaechtle
Andrea Gabbrielli
Fabian Hoflinger
Alexander Stolz
Stefan J. Rupitsch
Evaluation of Sparse Acoustic Array Geometries for the Application in Indoor Localization
IEEE Journal of Indoor and Seamless Positioning and Navigation
Acoustic localization
angle-of-arrival (AoA)
array signal processing
direction-of-arrival (DoA)
DoA estimation
indoor localization
title Evaluation of Sparse Acoustic Array Geometries for the Application in Indoor Localization
title_full Evaluation of Sparse Acoustic Array Geometries for the Application in Indoor Localization
title_fullStr Evaluation of Sparse Acoustic Array Geometries for the Application in Indoor Localization
title_full_unstemmed Evaluation of Sparse Acoustic Array Geometries for the Application in Indoor Localization
title_short Evaluation of Sparse Acoustic Array Geometries for the Application in Indoor Localization
title_sort evaluation of sparse acoustic array geometries for the application in indoor localization
topic Acoustic localization
angle-of-arrival (AoA)
array signal processing
direction-of-arrival (DoA)
DoA estimation
indoor localization
url https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10707198/
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