On Extracting Thermal Parameters and Scenario in High-Energy Collisions

The inconsistent thermal parameters derived from various models in high-energy collisions are examined. A comprehensive literature review suggests model-independent parameters to address these inconsistencies, based on the average transverse momentum pT and root-mean-square transverse momentum pT2....

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Main Authors: Ting-Ting Duan, Sahanaa Büriechin, Hai-Ling Lao, Fu-Hu Liu, Khusniddin K. Olimov
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2025-01-01
Series:Advances in High Energy Physics
Online Access:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ahep/7766862
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author Ting-Ting Duan
Sahanaa Büriechin
Hai-Ling Lao
Fu-Hu Liu
Khusniddin K. Olimov
author_facet Ting-Ting Duan
Sahanaa Büriechin
Hai-Ling Lao
Fu-Hu Liu
Khusniddin K. Olimov
author_sort Ting-Ting Duan
collection DOAJ
description The inconsistent thermal parameters derived from various models in high-energy collisions are examined. A comprehensive literature review suggests model-independent parameters to address these inconsistencies, based on the average transverse momentum pT and root-mean-square transverse momentum pT2. The relevant parameters include the initial temperature Ti≈pT2/2, effective temperature T=pT/2, kinetic freeze-out temperature T0=pT/6.14, and average transverse velocity βT=pT/2m, where m is the average mass of moving particles in the emission source’s rest frame. Alternatively, T0 can be seen as the intercept in the linear relationship between T and m0, while βT represents the slope between pT and m (with m0 being the rest mass of a specified particle). Our findings show that these four parameters increase in central collisions, within central rapidity regions, at higher energies, and in larger collision systems. As collision energy rises, excitation functions for all four parameters increase rapidly below approximately 7.7 GeV but slowly above this threshold. At energies greater than 39 GeV, fluctuations appear in these trends with only minor changes observed in their growth rates. This work also reveals a mass-dependent multitemperature scenario related to both initial states and kinetic freeze-out processes.
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publishDate 2025-01-01
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series Advances in High Energy Physics
spelling doaj-art-e314ac2ccc654de0b1fedcb2dadc3ffc2025-08-20T02:16:22ZengWileyAdvances in High Energy Physics1687-73652025-01-01202510.1155/ahep/7766862On Extracting Thermal Parameters and Scenario in High-Energy CollisionsTing-Ting Duan0Sahanaa Büriechin1Hai-Ling Lao2Fu-Hu Liu3Khusniddin K. Olimov4Institute of Theoretical PhysicsInstitute of Theoretical PhysicsDepartment of Science TeachingInstitute of Theoretical PhysicsLaboratory of High Energy PhysicsThe inconsistent thermal parameters derived from various models in high-energy collisions are examined. A comprehensive literature review suggests model-independent parameters to address these inconsistencies, based on the average transverse momentum pT and root-mean-square transverse momentum pT2. The relevant parameters include the initial temperature Ti≈pT2/2, effective temperature T=pT/2, kinetic freeze-out temperature T0=pT/6.14, and average transverse velocity βT=pT/2m, where m is the average mass of moving particles in the emission source’s rest frame. Alternatively, T0 can be seen as the intercept in the linear relationship between T and m0, while βT represents the slope between pT and m (with m0 being the rest mass of a specified particle). Our findings show that these four parameters increase in central collisions, within central rapidity regions, at higher energies, and in larger collision systems. As collision energy rises, excitation functions for all four parameters increase rapidly below approximately 7.7 GeV but slowly above this threshold. At energies greater than 39 GeV, fluctuations appear in these trends with only minor changes observed in their growth rates. This work also reveals a mass-dependent multitemperature scenario related to both initial states and kinetic freeze-out processes.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ahep/7766862
spellingShingle Ting-Ting Duan
Sahanaa Büriechin
Hai-Ling Lao
Fu-Hu Liu
Khusniddin K. Olimov
On Extracting Thermal Parameters and Scenario in High-Energy Collisions
Advances in High Energy Physics
title On Extracting Thermal Parameters and Scenario in High-Energy Collisions
title_full On Extracting Thermal Parameters and Scenario in High-Energy Collisions
title_fullStr On Extracting Thermal Parameters and Scenario in High-Energy Collisions
title_full_unstemmed On Extracting Thermal Parameters and Scenario in High-Energy Collisions
title_short On Extracting Thermal Parameters and Scenario in High-Energy Collisions
title_sort on extracting thermal parameters and scenario in high energy collisions
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ahep/7766862
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