A quantitative assessment of the behavior of metallic elements in urban soils exposed to industrial dusts near Dunkerque (northern France)
<p>In urban and industrialized areas, soil contamination and degradation caused by industrial dust deposition may pose significant health and environmental risks. Generally, the mobility and thus bioavailability of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are key factors in these issues. In the Dunke...
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Copernicus Publications
2025-07-01
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| author | M. Casetta S. Philippe L. Courcot D. Dumoulin G. Billon F. Baudin F. Henry M. Hermoso J. Caillaud |
| author_facet | M. Casetta S. Philippe L. Courcot D. Dumoulin G. Billon F. Baudin F. Henry M. Hermoso J. Caillaud |
| author_sort | M. Casetta |
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| description | <p>In urban and industrialized areas, soil contamination and degradation caused by industrial dust deposition may pose significant health and environmental risks. Generally, the mobility and thus bioavailability of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are key factors in these issues. In the Dunkerque agglomeration, one of the most industrialized regions in France, the soils are periodically exposed to metallurgical dust fallout, rich in PTEs. However, no study has reported on the behavior of these PTEs once integrated into the soils. The aim of this study is therefore to assess the fate of PTEs in the urban soils of Dunkerque in terms of vertical migration and potential bioavailability.</p>
<p>Four soil short cores were collected in the city of Gravelines (Dunkerque agglomeration) along a gradient from industrial emitters to deposition sites. Each soil core was cut into discrete 1 cm sections for PTE concentration analyses (ICP-AES/MS). Single HCl extractions were performed to evaluate PTE mobility in soils and their behavior according to the current soil parameters. For this purpose, key soil properties were identified, including grain-size distribution, mineralogy, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), TOC (total organic carbon), calcium carbonates and water contents in addition to the soil chemical composition (XRF, ICP-AES/MS).</p>
<p>The studied soils revealed globally low absorbent capacities for pollutants (CEC averaging <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">5.3</mn><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">meq</mi></mrow><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">100</mn><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="72pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="ef58d05657810ef851f83467cbb5a845"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="soil-11-467-2025-ie00001.svg" width="72pt" height="14pt" src="soil-11-467-2025-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>), partially counterbalanced by the buffering effect of calcium carbonates (contents ranging from 8 %–30 %). Near the industrial emitters, minor (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo><</mo><mtext>EF</mtext><mo><</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="53pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="44920e9be68d7e11b3400a053e6246ca"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="soil-11-467-2025-ie00002.svg" width="53pt" height="10pt" src="soil-11-467-2025-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) to moderately severe (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mo><</mo><mtext>EF</mtext><mo><</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">10</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="59pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="27348bad55eabbcb44c65cd7a960ed7b"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="soil-11-467-2025-ie00003.svg" width="59pt" height="10pt" src="soil-11-467-2025-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) enrichment factors (EFs) were highlighted for industrial PTE (Cr, Ni, Mo, Mn, Cd and Zn) in the top 3 cm of soils near the industrial emitters. The contamination profiles of these soils are assigned to atmospheric inputs of metallurgical dust. Using a relatively strong leaching reagent (1 <span class="inline-formula">M</span> HCl), we estimated a low vertical mobility for Cr, Ni and Mo (average leached <span class="inline-formula">ratios<25 <i>%</i></span>) in soils, suggesting their association with refractory phases (natural or anthropogenic). In contrast, Mn, Cd and Zn, which are related to industrial and/or urban sources, present a higher mobility (average leached <span class="inline-formula">ratios>60 <i>%</i></span> for Mn and Cd and about 44 % for Zn).</p>
<p>Our study points out the stability of industrial PTEs in soils under the current physicochemical conditions (calcareous soils with a slightly basic pH of 7.8). In this context, the monitoring of industrial PTEs in these urban soils is highly recommended, considering (1) the presence of allotment gardens in the vicinity of emitters and (2) the potential evolution of soil conditions due to increasing flood events.</p> |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e30ee39cfb504012a2b45d84a8e8ddf5 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2199-3971 2199-398X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-e30ee39cfb504012a2b45d84a8e8ddf52025-08-20T03:16:08ZengCopernicus PublicationsSOIL2199-39712199-398X2025-07-011146748810.5194/soil-11-467-2025A quantitative assessment of the behavior of metallic elements in urban soils exposed to industrial dusts near Dunkerque (northern France)M. Casetta0S. Philippe1L. Courcot2D. Dumoulin3G. Billon4F. Baudin5F. Henry6M. Hermoso7J. Caillaud8LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Université de Lille, CNRS, IRD, UMR 8187, 62930 Wimereux, FranceLOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Université de Lille, CNRS, IRD, UMR 8187, 62930 Wimereux, FranceLOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Université de Lille, CNRS, IRD, UMR 8187, 62930 Wimereux, FranceUniv. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 – LASIRE, Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, FranceUniv. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 – LASIRE, Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, FranceSorbonne Université – CNRS, UMR 7193 ISTeP – Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris, 75005 Paris, FranceLOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Université de Lille, CNRS, IRD, UMR 8187, 62930 Wimereux, FranceLOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Université de Lille, CNRS, IRD, UMR 8187, 62930 Wimereux, FranceLOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Université de Lille, CNRS, IRD, UMR 8187, 62930 Wimereux, France<p>In urban and industrialized areas, soil contamination and degradation caused by industrial dust deposition may pose significant health and environmental risks. Generally, the mobility and thus bioavailability of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are key factors in these issues. In the Dunkerque agglomeration, one of the most industrialized regions in France, the soils are periodically exposed to metallurgical dust fallout, rich in PTEs. However, no study has reported on the behavior of these PTEs once integrated into the soils. The aim of this study is therefore to assess the fate of PTEs in the urban soils of Dunkerque in terms of vertical migration and potential bioavailability.</p> <p>Four soil short cores were collected in the city of Gravelines (Dunkerque agglomeration) along a gradient from industrial emitters to deposition sites. Each soil core was cut into discrete 1 cm sections for PTE concentration analyses (ICP-AES/MS). Single HCl extractions were performed to evaluate PTE mobility in soils and their behavior according to the current soil parameters. For this purpose, key soil properties were identified, including grain-size distribution, mineralogy, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), TOC (total organic carbon), calcium carbonates and water contents in addition to the soil chemical composition (XRF, ICP-AES/MS).</p> <p>The studied soils revealed globally low absorbent capacities for pollutants (CEC averaging <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">5.3</mn><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">meq</mi></mrow><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">100</mn><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="72pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="ef58d05657810ef851f83467cbb5a845"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="soil-11-467-2025-ie00001.svg" width="72pt" height="14pt" src="soil-11-467-2025-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>), partially counterbalanced by the buffering effect of calcium carbonates (contents ranging from 8 %–30 %). Near the industrial emitters, minor (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo><</mo><mtext>EF</mtext><mo><</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="53pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="44920e9be68d7e11b3400a053e6246ca"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="soil-11-467-2025-ie00002.svg" width="53pt" height="10pt" src="soil-11-467-2025-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) to moderately severe (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mo><</mo><mtext>EF</mtext><mo><</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">10</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="59pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="27348bad55eabbcb44c65cd7a960ed7b"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="soil-11-467-2025-ie00003.svg" width="59pt" height="10pt" src="soil-11-467-2025-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) enrichment factors (EFs) were highlighted for industrial PTE (Cr, Ni, Mo, Mn, Cd and Zn) in the top 3 cm of soils near the industrial emitters. The contamination profiles of these soils are assigned to atmospheric inputs of metallurgical dust. Using a relatively strong leaching reagent (1 <span class="inline-formula">M</span> HCl), we estimated a low vertical mobility for Cr, Ni and Mo (average leached <span class="inline-formula">ratios<25 <i>%</i></span>) in soils, suggesting their association with refractory phases (natural or anthropogenic). In contrast, Mn, Cd and Zn, which are related to industrial and/or urban sources, present a higher mobility (average leached <span class="inline-formula">ratios>60 <i>%</i></span> for Mn and Cd and about 44 % for Zn).</p> <p>Our study points out the stability of industrial PTEs in soils under the current physicochemical conditions (calcareous soils with a slightly basic pH of 7.8). In this context, the monitoring of industrial PTEs in these urban soils is highly recommended, considering (1) the presence of allotment gardens in the vicinity of emitters and (2) the potential evolution of soil conditions due to increasing flood events.</p>https://soil.copernicus.org/articles/11/467/2025/soil-11-467-2025.pdf |
| spellingShingle | M. Casetta S. Philippe L. Courcot D. Dumoulin G. Billon F. Baudin F. Henry M. Hermoso J. Caillaud A quantitative assessment of the behavior of metallic elements in urban soils exposed to industrial dusts near Dunkerque (northern France) SOIL |
| title | A quantitative assessment of the behavior of metallic elements in urban soils exposed to industrial dusts near Dunkerque (northern France) |
| title_full | A quantitative assessment of the behavior of metallic elements in urban soils exposed to industrial dusts near Dunkerque (northern France) |
| title_fullStr | A quantitative assessment of the behavior of metallic elements in urban soils exposed to industrial dusts near Dunkerque (northern France) |
| title_full_unstemmed | A quantitative assessment of the behavior of metallic elements in urban soils exposed to industrial dusts near Dunkerque (northern France) |
| title_short | A quantitative assessment of the behavior of metallic elements in urban soils exposed to industrial dusts near Dunkerque (northern France) |
| title_sort | quantitative assessment of the behavior of metallic elements in urban soils exposed to industrial dusts near dunkerque northern france |
| url | https://soil.copernicus.org/articles/11/467/2025/soil-11-467-2025.pdf |
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