Propagation Times and Energy Losses of Cosmic Protons and Antiprotons in Interplanetary Space
In this paper, we investigate the heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays in interplanetary space, focusing on their propagation times and energy losses over the solar cycle. To perform the calculations, we employed a data-driven model based on the stochastic method. Our model was calibrated using ti...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4434/13/2/23 |
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| author | Nicola Tomassetti Bruna Bertucci Emanuele Fiandrini Behrouz Khiali |
| author_facet | Nicola Tomassetti Bruna Bertucci Emanuele Fiandrini Behrouz Khiali |
| author_sort | Nicola Tomassetti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this paper, we investigate the heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays in interplanetary space, focusing on their propagation times and energy losses over the solar cycle. To perform the calculations, we employed a data-driven model based on the stochastic method. Our model was calibrated using time-resolved and energy-resolved data from several missions including AMS-02, PAMELA, EPHIN/SOHO, BESS, and data from Voyager-1. This approach allows us to calculate probability density functions for the propagation time and energy losses of cosmic protons and antiprotons in the heliosphere. Furthermore, we explore the temporal evolution of these probabilities spanning from 1993 to 2018, covering a full 22-year cycle of magnetic polarity, which includes two solar minima and two magnetic reversals. Our calculations were carried out for cosmic protons and antiprotons, enabling us to investigate the role of charge-sign dependent effects in cosmic ray transport. These findings provide valuable insights into the physical processes of cosmic-ray propagation in the heliosphere and contribute to a deeper understanding of the solar modulation phenomenon. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e303583dfdfa4841b2e8f9ac352432bf |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2075-4434 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Galaxies |
| spelling | doaj-art-e303583dfdfa4841b2e8f9ac352432bf2025-08-20T03:13:58ZengMDPI AGGalaxies2075-44342025-03-011322310.3390/galaxies13020023Propagation Times and Energy Losses of Cosmic Protons and Antiprotons in Interplanetary SpaceNicola Tomassetti0Bruna Bertucci1Emanuele Fiandrini2Behrouz Khiali3Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, ItalyINFN—Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Roma, ItalyIn this paper, we investigate the heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays in interplanetary space, focusing on their propagation times and energy losses over the solar cycle. To perform the calculations, we employed a data-driven model based on the stochastic method. Our model was calibrated using time-resolved and energy-resolved data from several missions including AMS-02, PAMELA, EPHIN/SOHO, BESS, and data from Voyager-1. This approach allows us to calculate probability density functions for the propagation time and energy losses of cosmic protons and antiprotons in the heliosphere. Furthermore, we explore the temporal evolution of these probabilities spanning from 1993 to 2018, covering a full 22-year cycle of magnetic polarity, which includes two solar minima and two magnetic reversals. Our calculations were carried out for cosmic protons and antiprotons, enabling us to investigate the role of charge-sign dependent effects in cosmic ray transport. These findings provide valuable insights into the physical processes of cosmic-ray propagation in the heliosphere and contribute to a deeper understanding of the solar modulation phenomenon.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4434/13/2/23cosmic raysdiffusionheliosphere |
| spellingShingle | Nicola Tomassetti Bruna Bertucci Emanuele Fiandrini Behrouz Khiali Propagation Times and Energy Losses of Cosmic Protons and Antiprotons in Interplanetary Space Galaxies cosmic rays diffusion heliosphere |
| title | Propagation Times and Energy Losses of Cosmic Protons and Antiprotons in Interplanetary Space |
| title_full | Propagation Times and Energy Losses of Cosmic Protons and Antiprotons in Interplanetary Space |
| title_fullStr | Propagation Times and Energy Losses of Cosmic Protons and Antiprotons in Interplanetary Space |
| title_full_unstemmed | Propagation Times and Energy Losses of Cosmic Protons and Antiprotons in Interplanetary Space |
| title_short | Propagation Times and Energy Losses of Cosmic Protons and Antiprotons in Interplanetary Space |
| title_sort | propagation times and energy losses of cosmic protons and antiprotons in interplanetary space |
| topic | cosmic rays diffusion heliosphere |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4434/13/2/23 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nicolatomassetti propagationtimesandenergylossesofcosmicprotonsandantiprotonsininterplanetaryspace AT brunabertucci propagationtimesandenergylossesofcosmicprotonsandantiprotonsininterplanetaryspace AT emanuelefiandrini propagationtimesandenergylossesofcosmicprotonsandantiprotonsininterplanetaryspace AT behrouzkhiali propagationtimesandenergylossesofcosmicprotonsandantiprotonsininterplanetaryspace |