Effects of Homeopathic Arsenicum Album, Nosode, and Gibberellic Acid Preparations on the Growth Rate of Arsenic-Impaired Duckweed (Lemna gibba L.)
This study evaluated the effects of homeopathically potentized Arsenicum album, nosode, and gibberellic acid in a bioassay with arsenic-stressed duckweed (Lemna gibba L.). The test substances were applied in nine potency levels (17x, 18x, 21x–24x, 28x, 30x, 33x) and compared with controls (unsuccuss...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Wiley
2010-01-01
|
| Series: | The Scientific World Journal |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2010.202 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1832560976439803904 |
|---|---|
| author | Tim Jäger Claudia Scherr Meinhard Simon Peter Heusser Stephan Baumgartner |
| author_facet | Tim Jäger Claudia Scherr Meinhard Simon Peter Heusser Stephan Baumgartner |
| author_sort | Tim Jäger |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study evaluated the effects of homeopathically potentized Arsenicum album, nosode, and gibberellic acid in a bioassay with arsenic-stressed duckweed (Lemna gibba L.). The test substances were applied in nine potency levels (17x, 18x, 21x–24x, 28x, 30x, 33x) and compared with controls (unsuccussed and succussed water) regarding their influence on the plant’s growth rate. Duckweed was stressed with arsenic(V) for 48 h. Afterwards, plants grew in either potentized substances or water controls for 6 days. Growth rates of frond (leaf) area and frond number were determined with a computerized image analysis system for different time intervals (days 0–2, 2–6, 0–6). Five independent experiments were evaluated for each test substance. Additionally, five water control experiments were analyzed to investigate the stability of the experimental setup (systematic negative control experiments). All experiments were randomized and blinded. The test system exhibited a low coefficient of variation (≈1%). Unsuccussed and succussed water did not result in any significant differences in duckweed growth rate. Data from the control and treatment groups were pooled to increase statistical power. Growth rates for days 0–2 were not influenced by any homeopathic preparation. Growth rates for days 2–6 increased after application of potentized Arsenicum album regarding both frond area (p < 0.001) and frond number (p < 0.001), and by application of potentized nosode (frond area growth rate only, p < 0.01). Potencies of gibberellic acid did not influence duckweed growth rate. The systematic negative control experiments did not yield any significant effects. Thus, false-positive results can be excluded with high certainty. To conclude, the test system with L. gibba impaired by arsenic(V) was stable and reliable. It yielded evidence for specific effects of homeopathic Arsenicum album preparations and it will provide a valuable tool for future experiments that aim at revealing the mode of action of homeopathic preparations. It may also be useful to investigate the influence of external factors (e.g., heat, electromagnetic radiation) on the effects of homeopathic preparations. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e2839691830845dba2018dc46fc3590d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1537-744X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2010-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Scientific World Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-e2839691830845dba2018dc46fc3590d2025-02-03T01:26:16ZengWileyThe Scientific World Journal1537-744X2010-01-01102112212910.1100/tsw.2010.202Effects of Homeopathic Arsenicum Album, Nosode, and Gibberellic Acid Preparations on the Growth Rate of Arsenic-Impaired Duckweed (Lemna gibba L.)Tim Jäger0Claudia Scherr1Meinhard Simon2Peter Heusser3Stephan Baumgartner4Institute of Complementary Medicine KIKOM, University of Bern, SwitzerlandSociety for Cancer Research Hiscia Institute, Arlesheim, SwitzerlandInstitute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, GermanyCenter for Integrative Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, GermanyInstitute of Complementary Medicine KIKOM, University of Bern, SwitzerlandThis study evaluated the effects of homeopathically potentized Arsenicum album, nosode, and gibberellic acid in a bioassay with arsenic-stressed duckweed (Lemna gibba L.). The test substances were applied in nine potency levels (17x, 18x, 21x–24x, 28x, 30x, 33x) and compared with controls (unsuccussed and succussed water) regarding their influence on the plant’s growth rate. Duckweed was stressed with arsenic(V) for 48 h. Afterwards, plants grew in either potentized substances or water controls for 6 days. Growth rates of frond (leaf) area and frond number were determined with a computerized image analysis system for different time intervals (days 0–2, 2–6, 0–6). Five independent experiments were evaluated for each test substance. Additionally, five water control experiments were analyzed to investigate the stability of the experimental setup (systematic negative control experiments). All experiments were randomized and blinded. The test system exhibited a low coefficient of variation (≈1%). Unsuccussed and succussed water did not result in any significant differences in duckweed growth rate. Data from the control and treatment groups were pooled to increase statistical power. Growth rates for days 0–2 were not influenced by any homeopathic preparation. Growth rates for days 2–6 increased after application of potentized Arsenicum album regarding both frond area (p < 0.001) and frond number (p < 0.001), and by application of potentized nosode (frond area growth rate only, p < 0.01). Potencies of gibberellic acid did not influence duckweed growth rate. The systematic negative control experiments did not yield any significant effects. Thus, false-positive results can be excluded with high certainty. To conclude, the test system with L. gibba impaired by arsenic(V) was stable and reliable. It yielded evidence for specific effects of homeopathic Arsenicum album preparations and it will provide a valuable tool for future experiments that aim at revealing the mode of action of homeopathic preparations. It may also be useful to investigate the influence of external factors (e.g., heat, electromagnetic radiation) on the effects of homeopathic preparations.http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2010.202 |
| spellingShingle | Tim Jäger Claudia Scherr Meinhard Simon Peter Heusser Stephan Baumgartner Effects of Homeopathic Arsenicum Album, Nosode, and Gibberellic Acid Preparations on the Growth Rate of Arsenic-Impaired Duckweed (Lemna gibba L.) The Scientific World Journal |
| title | Effects of Homeopathic Arsenicum Album, Nosode, and Gibberellic Acid Preparations on the Growth Rate of Arsenic-Impaired Duckweed (Lemna gibba L.) |
| title_full | Effects of Homeopathic Arsenicum Album, Nosode, and Gibberellic Acid Preparations on the Growth Rate of Arsenic-Impaired Duckweed (Lemna gibba L.) |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Homeopathic Arsenicum Album, Nosode, and Gibberellic Acid Preparations on the Growth Rate of Arsenic-Impaired Duckweed (Lemna gibba L.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Homeopathic Arsenicum Album, Nosode, and Gibberellic Acid Preparations on the Growth Rate of Arsenic-Impaired Duckweed (Lemna gibba L.) |
| title_short | Effects of Homeopathic Arsenicum Album, Nosode, and Gibberellic Acid Preparations on the Growth Rate of Arsenic-Impaired Duckweed (Lemna gibba L.) |
| title_sort | effects of homeopathic arsenicum album nosode and gibberellic acid preparations on the growth rate of arsenic impaired duckweed lemna gibba l |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2010.202 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT timjager effectsofhomeopathicarsenicumalbumnosodeandgibberellicacidpreparationsonthegrowthrateofarsenicimpairedduckweedlemnagibbal AT claudiascherr effectsofhomeopathicarsenicumalbumnosodeandgibberellicacidpreparationsonthegrowthrateofarsenicimpairedduckweedlemnagibbal AT meinhardsimon effectsofhomeopathicarsenicumalbumnosodeandgibberellicacidpreparationsonthegrowthrateofarsenicimpairedduckweedlemnagibbal AT peterheusser effectsofhomeopathicarsenicumalbumnosodeandgibberellicacidpreparationsonthegrowthrateofarsenicimpairedduckweedlemnagibbal AT stephanbaumgartner effectsofhomeopathicarsenicumalbumnosodeandgibberellicacidpreparationsonthegrowthrateofarsenicimpairedduckweedlemnagibbal |