Dysbiosis and Schizophrenia: A Review of Current Evidence on the Gut–Brain Axis and Probiotic Interventions

Introdution: Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Recent research has highlighted the potential role of the gut microbiota in mental health, including schizophrenia. Disruptions in gut microbiota composition, known as dysbiosis, may affe...

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Main Authors: Anna Jakubiak, grzegorz Karaban, Michał Borawski, Aleksandra Ciuła, Joanna Miśkiewicz, Tadeusz Kuźnieców, Monika Paszkowska, Klaudia Mularczyk, Patrycja Znamirowska, Magdalena Kupis
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń 2025-05-01
Series:Quality in Sport
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Online Access:https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/60353
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author Anna Jakubiak
grzegorz Karaban
Michał Borawski
Aleksandra Ciuła
Joanna Miśkiewicz
Tadeusz Kuźnieców
Monika Paszkowska
Klaudia Mularczyk
Patrycja Znamirowska
Magdalena Kupis
author_facet Anna Jakubiak
grzegorz Karaban
Michał Borawski
Aleksandra Ciuła
Joanna Miśkiewicz
Tadeusz Kuźnieców
Monika Paszkowska
Klaudia Mularczyk
Patrycja Znamirowska
Magdalena Kupis
author_sort Anna Jakubiak
collection DOAJ
description Introdution: Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Recent research has highlighted the potential role of the gut microbiota in mental health, including schizophrenia. Disruptions in gut microbiota composition, known as dysbiosis, may affect the central nervous system through immune modulation, neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter imbalance, and increased intestinal permeability. Notably, studies have shown associations between dysbiosis and the severity of psychotic symptoms as well as treatment response. Some evidence also suggests that probiotics may help alleviate certain psychiatric symptoms, including those seen in schizophrenia. Although further research is needed, probiotics are being investigated as a promising adjunctive therapy. Aim of the study: A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, covering studies from 2018 to 2025. Keywords included: "gut", "microbiome", "microbiota", "gut-brain axis", "dysbiosis", "schizophrenia", "antipsychotic drugs", "prebiotics", and "psychobiotics". Materials and Methods: A literature review was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar from 2018 to 2025, was conducted using keyword such as  "gut", "microbiome", "microbiota", "gut-brain axis", "dysbiosis", "schizophrenia", "antipsychotic drugs", "prebiotics", and "psychobiotics". Summary The gut microbiota significantly influences mental health, and its disturbances may contribute to schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia often exhibit reduced microbial diversity and specific changes in microbiota composition, which may correlate with symptom severity. Antipsychotic medications also impact the microbiota. Prebiotics and probiotics appear to offer promising support to standard treatment, opening new avenues for therapeutic strategies.
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spelling doaj-art-e26ca8a79d974f3e8ba25bca7e398beb2025-08-20T01:50:27ZengNicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńQuality in Sport2450-31182025-05-014110.12775/QS.2025.41.60353Dysbiosis and Schizophrenia: A Review of Current Evidence on the Gut–Brain Axis and Probiotic InterventionsAnna Jakubiak0https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0973-7591grzegorz Karaban1https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9285-469XMichał Borawski2https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4864-7336Aleksandra Ciuła3https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0425-863XJoanna Miśkiewicz4https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3300-940XTadeusz Kuźnieców5https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2120-9549Monika Paszkowska6https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2006-0098Klaudia Mularczyk7https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3250-7806Patrycja Znamirowska8https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7538-5315Magdalena Kupis9https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4454-5866National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration Wołoska 137, 02-507 Warsaw, PolandMiędzylesie Specialist Hospital in Warsaw Bursztynowa 2, 04-749 Warsaw, PolandBrothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God Hospital in Cracow Trynitarska 11, 31-061 Cracow, PolandBrothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God Hospital in Cracow, Trynitarska 11, 31-061 Cracow, PolandProvincial Combined Hospital in Kielce Grunwaldzka 45, 25-736 Kielce, PolandMiędzylesie Specialist Hospital in Warsaw, Bursztynowa 2, 04-749 Warsaw, PolandMiędzylesie Specialist Hospital in Warsaw Bursztynowa 2, 04-749 Warsaw, PolandMiędzylesie Specialist Hospital in Warsaw Bursztynowa 2, 04-749 Warsaw, PolandSpecialist Hospital Dr. Tytus Chałubiński in Radom Lekarska 4, 26-610 Radom, PolandCasimir Pulaski University of Radom, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences Introdution: Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Recent research has highlighted the potential role of the gut microbiota in mental health, including schizophrenia. Disruptions in gut microbiota composition, known as dysbiosis, may affect the central nervous system through immune modulation, neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter imbalance, and increased intestinal permeability. Notably, studies have shown associations between dysbiosis and the severity of psychotic symptoms as well as treatment response. Some evidence also suggests that probiotics may help alleviate certain psychiatric symptoms, including those seen in schizophrenia. Although further research is needed, probiotics are being investigated as a promising adjunctive therapy. Aim of the study: A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, covering studies from 2018 to 2025. Keywords included: "gut", "microbiome", "microbiota", "gut-brain axis", "dysbiosis", "schizophrenia", "antipsychotic drugs", "prebiotics", and "psychobiotics". Materials and Methods: A literature review was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar from 2018 to 2025, was conducted using keyword such as  "gut", "microbiome", "microbiota", "gut-brain axis", "dysbiosis", "schizophrenia", "antipsychotic drugs", "prebiotics", and "psychobiotics". Summary The gut microbiota significantly influences mental health, and its disturbances may contribute to schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia often exhibit reduced microbial diversity and specific changes in microbiota composition, which may correlate with symptom severity. Antipsychotic medications also impact the microbiota. Prebiotics and probiotics appear to offer promising support to standard treatment, opening new avenues for therapeutic strategies. https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/60353gutmicrobiomemicrobiotadysbiosisschizophreniaantipsychotic drugs
spellingShingle Anna Jakubiak
grzegorz Karaban
Michał Borawski
Aleksandra Ciuła
Joanna Miśkiewicz
Tadeusz Kuźnieców
Monika Paszkowska
Klaudia Mularczyk
Patrycja Znamirowska
Magdalena Kupis
Dysbiosis and Schizophrenia: A Review of Current Evidence on the Gut–Brain Axis and Probiotic Interventions
Quality in Sport
gut
microbiome
microbiota
dysbiosis
schizophrenia
antipsychotic drugs
title Dysbiosis and Schizophrenia: A Review of Current Evidence on the Gut–Brain Axis and Probiotic Interventions
title_full Dysbiosis and Schizophrenia: A Review of Current Evidence on the Gut–Brain Axis and Probiotic Interventions
title_fullStr Dysbiosis and Schizophrenia: A Review of Current Evidence on the Gut–Brain Axis and Probiotic Interventions
title_full_unstemmed Dysbiosis and Schizophrenia: A Review of Current Evidence on the Gut–Brain Axis and Probiotic Interventions
title_short Dysbiosis and Schizophrenia: A Review of Current Evidence on the Gut–Brain Axis and Probiotic Interventions
title_sort dysbiosis and schizophrenia a review of current evidence on the gut brain axis and probiotic interventions
topic gut
microbiome
microbiota
dysbiosis
schizophrenia
antipsychotic drugs
url https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/60353
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