Effects of Annealing Conditions on the Catalytic Performance of Anodized Tin Oxide for Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction
The electrochemical reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> (CO<sub>2</sub>RR) to value-added products has garnered significant interest as a sustainable solution to mitigate CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and harness renewable energy sources. Among CO<sub>2</sub>RR pro...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-01-01
|
| Series: | Nanomaterials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/2/121 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1832587820250693632 |
|---|---|
| author | Nicolò B. D. Monti Juqin Zeng Micaela Castellino Samuele Porro Mitra Bagheri Candido F. Pirri Angelica Chiodoni Katarzyna Bejtka |
| author_facet | Nicolò B. D. Monti Juqin Zeng Micaela Castellino Samuele Porro Mitra Bagheri Candido F. Pirri Angelica Chiodoni Katarzyna Bejtka |
| author_sort | Nicolò B. D. Monti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The electrochemical reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> (CO<sub>2</sub>RR) to value-added products has garnered significant interest as a sustainable solution to mitigate CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and harness renewable energy sources. Among CO<sub>2</sub>RR products, formic acid/formate (HCOOH/HCOO<sup>−</sup>) is particularly attractive due to its industrial relevance, high energy density, and potential candidate as a liquid hydrogen carrier. This study investigates the influence of the initial oxidation state of tin on CO<sub>2</sub>RR performance using nanostructured SnO<sub>x</sub> catalysts. A simple, quick, scalable, and cost-effective synthesis strategy was employed to fabricate SnO<sub>x</sub> catalysts with controlled oxidation states while maintaining consistent morphology and particle size. The catalysts were characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, Raman, and XPS to correlate structure and surface properties with catalytic performance. Electrochemical measurements revealed that SnO<sub>x</sub> catalysts annealed in air at 525 °C exhibited the highest formate selectivity and current density, attributed to the optimized oxidation state and the presence of oxygen vacancies. Flow cell tests further demonstrated enhanced performance under practical conditions, achieving stable formate production with high faradaic efficiency over prolonged operation. These findings highlight the critical role of tin oxidation states and surface defects in tuning CO<sub>2</sub>RR performance, offering valuable insights for the design of efficient catalysts for CO<sub>2</sub> electroreduction to formate. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e26c39f898354d1495e9c5a046613dcc |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj-art-e26c39f898354d1495e9c5a046613dcc2025-01-24T13:44:13ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912025-01-0115212110.3390/nano15020121Effects of Annealing Conditions on the Catalytic Performance of Anodized Tin Oxide for Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide ReductionNicolò B. D. Monti0Juqin Zeng1Micaela Castellino2Samuele Porro3Mitra Bagheri4Candido F. Pirri5Angelica Chiodoni6Katarzyna Bejtka7Center for Sustainable Future Technologies @POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, ItalyCenter for Sustainable Future Technologies @POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, ItalyCenter for Sustainable Future Technologies @POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, ItalyDepartment of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, ItalyCenter for Sustainable Future Technologies @POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, ItalyCenter for Sustainable Future Technologies @POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, ItalyCenter for Sustainable Future Technologies @POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, ItalyCenter for Sustainable Future Technologies @POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, ItalyThe electrochemical reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> (CO<sub>2</sub>RR) to value-added products has garnered significant interest as a sustainable solution to mitigate CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and harness renewable energy sources. Among CO<sub>2</sub>RR products, formic acid/formate (HCOOH/HCOO<sup>−</sup>) is particularly attractive due to its industrial relevance, high energy density, and potential candidate as a liquid hydrogen carrier. This study investigates the influence of the initial oxidation state of tin on CO<sub>2</sub>RR performance using nanostructured SnO<sub>x</sub> catalysts. A simple, quick, scalable, and cost-effective synthesis strategy was employed to fabricate SnO<sub>x</sub> catalysts with controlled oxidation states while maintaining consistent morphology and particle size. The catalysts were characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, Raman, and XPS to correlate structure and surface properties with catalytic performance. Electrochemical measurements revealed that SnO<sub>x</sub> catalysts annealed in air at 525 °C exhibited the highest formate selectivity and current density, attributed to the optimized oxidation state and the presence of oxygen vacancies. Flow cell tests further demonstrated enhanced performance under practical conditions, achieving stable formate production with high faradaic efficiency over prolonged operation. These findings highlight the critical role of tin oxidation states and surface defects in tuning CO<sub>2</sub>RR performance, offering valuable insights for the design of efficient catalysts for CO<sub>2</sub> electroreduction to formate.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/2/121electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> reductionSnO<sub>2</sub> catalystmesoporousHCOOH productionoxygen vacancyannealing |
| spellingShingle | Nicolò B. D. Monti Juqin Zeng Micaela Castellino Samuele Porro Mitra Bagheri Candido F. Pirri Angelica Chiodoni Katarzyna Bejtka Effects of Annealing Conditions on the Catalytic Performance of Anodized Tin Oxide for Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Nanomaterials electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> reduction SnO<sub>2</sub> catalyst mesoporous HCOOH production oxygen vacancy annealing |
| title | Effects of Annealing Conditions on the Catalytic Performance of Anodized Tin Oxide for Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction |
| title_full | Effects of Annealing Conditions on the Catalytic Performance of Anodized Tin Oxide for Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Annealing Conditions on the Catalytic Performance of Anodized Tin Oxide for Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Annealing Conditions on the Catalytic Performance of Anodized Tin Oxide for Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction |
| title_short | Effects of Annealing Conditions on the Catalytic Performance of Anodized Tin Oxide for Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction |
| title_sort | effects of annealing conditions on the catalytic performance of anodized tin oxide for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction |
| topic | electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> reduction SnO<sub>2</sub> catalyst mesoporous HCOOH production oxygen vacancy annealing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/2/121 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nicolobdmonti effectsofannealingconditionsonthecatalyticperformanceofanodizedtinoxideforelectrochemicalcarbondioxidereduction AT juqinzeng effectsofannealingconditionsonthecatalyticperformanceofanodizedtinoxideforelectrochemicalcarbondioxidereduction AT micaelacastellino effectsofannealingconditionsonthecatalyticperformanceofanodizedtinoxideforelectrochemicalcarbondioxidereduction AT samueleporro effectsofannealingconditionsonthecatalyticperformanceofanodizedtinoxideforelectrochemicalcarbondioxidereduction AT mitrabagheri effectsofannealingconditionsonthecatalyticperformanceofanodizedtinoxideforelectrochemicalcarbondioxidereduction AT candidofpirri effectsofannealingconditionsonthecatalyticperformanceofanodizedtinoxideforelectrochemicalcarbondioxidereduction AT angelicachiodoni effectsofannealingconditionsonthecatalyticperformanceofanodizedtinoxideforelectrochemicalcarbondioxidereduction AT katarzynabejtka effectsofannealingconditionsonthecatalyticperformanceofanodizedtinoxideforelectrochemicalcarbondioxidereduction |