Neuroprotective Potential of <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i> Compounds: Insights into Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Intestinal Transport
<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, characterized by complex processes such as neuro-inflammation, oxidative damage, synaptic loss, and neuronal death. Carotenoids are among the potential therapeutic molecules that have attracted at...
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2025-04-01
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| author | Melis Cokdinleyen Alberto Valdés Huseyin Kara Elena Ibáñez Alejandro Cifuentes |
| author_facet | Melis Cokdinleyen Alberto Valdés Huseyin Kara Elena Ibáñez Alejandro Cifuentes |
| author_sort | Melis Cokdinleyen |
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| description | <b>Background/Objectives:</b> Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, characterized by complex processes such as neuro-inflammation, oxidative damage, synaptic loss, and neuronal death. Carotenoids are among the potential therapeutic molecules that have attracted attention due to their neuroprotective properties, but their efficacy is limited mainly by their capacity to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). <b>Results:</b> The results showed that <i>T. chuii</i> extracts could protect neuronal cells from neurotoxic damage, especially against L-glutamate and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Moreover, the BBB permeability and the intestinal transport analyses revealed that fucoxanthinol, crocoxanthin, diatoxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and prasinoxanthin have diverse permeabilities depending on the incubation time and the cell model used. Fucoxanthinol was the carotenoid with the highest and similar permeability in HBMEC cells (4.41%, 5.13%, and 18.94% at 2, 4, and 24 h, respectively) and Caco-2 cells (7.01%, 8.63%, and 18.36% at the same times), while crocoxanthin, diatoxanthin, and neoxanthin showed different kinetics. <b>Methods:</b> The neuroprotective potential of two extracts obtained from <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i> microalga were evaluated against A<i>β</i>1-42-, L-glutamate-, and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced toxicities in SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, the BBB permeability and the intestinal transepithelial transport of the main carotenoids present in the extracts were evaluated and compared using two cell culture models, HBMEC and Caco-2 cells. For that aim, the transport of the bioactive molecules across the barriers was evaluated using UHPLC-q-TOF-MS after 2, 4, and 24 h of incubation. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings indicate that <i>T. chuii</i> is a promising natural source of bioactive compounds to develop functional foods against neurodegenerative diseases. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-e200428005cf4e7eb35457dbfdd253c42025-08-20T03:14:36ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472025-04-0118562910.3390/ph18050629Neuroprotective Potential of <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i> Compounds: Insights into Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Intestinal TransportMelis Cokdinleyen0Alberto Valdés1Huseyin Kara2Elena Ibáñez3Alejandro Cifuentes4Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, SpainLaboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Selçuk University, Ardicli, Ismetpasa Cad, Selçuklu, 42250 Konya, TurkeyLaboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, SpainLaboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, characterized by complex processes such as neuro-inflammation, oxidative damage, synaptic loss, and neuronal death. Carotenoids are among the potential therapeutic molecules that have attracted attention due to their neuroprotective properties, but their efficacy is limited mainly by their capacity to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). <b>Results:</b> The results showed that <i>T. chuii</i> extracts could protect neuronal cells from neurotoxic damage, especially against L-glutamate and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Moreover, the BBB permeability and the intestinal transport analyses revealed that fucoxanthinol, crocoxanthin, diatoxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and prasinoxanthin have diverse permeabilities depending on the incubation time and the cell model used. Fucoxanthinol was the carotenoid with the highest and similar permeability in HBMEC cells (4.41%, 5.13%, and 18.94% at 2, 4, and 24 h, respectively) and Caco-2 cells (7.01%, 8.63%, and 18.36% at the same times), while crocoxanthin, diatoxanthin, and neoxanthin showed different kinetics. <b>Methods:</b> The neuroprotective potential of two extracts obtained from <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i> microalga were evaluated against A<i>β</i>1-42-, L-glutamate-, and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced toxicities in SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, the BBB permeability and the intestinal transepithelial transport of the main carotenoids present in the extracts were evaluated and compared using two cell culture models, HBMEC and Caco-2 cells. For that aim, the transport of the bioactive molecules across the barriers was evaluated using UHPLC-q-TOF-MS after 2, 4, and 24 h of incubation. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings indicate that <i>T. chuii</i> is a promising natural source of bioactive compounds to develop functional foods against neurodegenerative diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/5/629Alzheimer’s diseaseblood–brain barrierintestinal permeabilityneuroprotectionpressurized liquids extraction |
| spellingShingle | Melis Cokdinleyen Alberto Valdés Huseyin Kara Elena Ibáñez Alejandro Cifuentes Neuroprotective Potential of <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i> Compounds: Insights into Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Intestinal Transport Pharmaceuticals Alzheimer’s disease blood–brain barrier intestinal permeability neuroprotection pressurized liquids extraction |
| title | Neuroprotective Potential of <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i> Compounds: Insights into Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Intestinal Transport |
| title_full | Neuroprotective Potential of <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i> Compounds: Insights into Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Intestinal Transport |
| title_fullStr | Neuroprotective Potential of <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i> Compounds: Insights into Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Intestinal Transport |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neuroprotective Potential of <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i> Compounds: Insights into Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Intestinal Transport |
| title_short | Neuroprotective Potential of <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i> Compounds: Insights into Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Intestinal Transport |
| title_sort | neuroprotective potential of i tetraselmis chuii i compounds insights into blood brain barrier permeability and intestinal transport |
| topic | Alzheimer’s disease blood–brain barrier intestinal permeability neuroprotection pressurized liquids extraction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/5/629 |
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