Insights into the linkages of forest structure dynamics with ecosystem services

Abstract Large-scale land cover changes leading to land degradation and deforestation in fragile ecosystems such as the Western Ghats have impaired ecosystem services, evident from the conversion of perennial water bodies to seasonal, which necessitates an understanding of forest structure dynamics...

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Main Authors: T. V. Ramachandra, Paras Negi, Tulika Mondal, Syed Ashfaq Ahmed
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00167-3
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author T. V. Ramachandra
Paras Negi
Tulika Mondal
Syed Ashfaq Ahmed
author_facet T. V. Ramachandra
Paras Negi
Tulika Mondal
Syed Ashfaq Ahmed
author_sort T. V. Ramachandra
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Large-scale land cover changes leading to land degradation and deforestation in fragile ecosystems such as the Western Ghats have impaired ecosystem services, evident from the conversion of perennial water bodies to seasonal, which necessitates an understanding of forest structure dynamics with ecosystem services to evolve appropriate location-specific mitigation measures to arrest land degradation. The current study evaluates the extent and condition of forest ecosystems in Goa of the Central Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot. Land use dynamics is assessed through a supervised hierarchical classifier based on the Random Forest Machine Learning Algorithm, revealing that total forest cover declined by 3.75% during the post-1990s due to market forces associated with globalization. Likely land uses predicated through the CA-Markov-based Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) highlight a decline in evergreen forest cover of 10.98%. The carbon sequestration potential of forests in Goa assessed through the InVEST model highlights the storage of 56,131.16 Gg of carbon, which accounts for 373.47 billion INR (4.49 billion USD). The total ecosystem supply value (TESV) for forest ecosystems was computed by aggregating the provisioning, regulating, and cultural services, which accounts for 481.76 billion INR per year. TESV helps in accounting for the degradation cost of ecosystems towards the development of green GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Prioritization of Ecologically Sensitive Regions (ESR) considering bio-geo-climatic, ecological, and social characteristics at disaggregated levels reveals that 54.41% of the region is highly sensitive (ESR1 and ESR2). The outcome of the research offers invaluable insights for the formulation of strategic natural resource management approaches.
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spelling doaj-art-dfdcc664d2c846d8ad11f3b92151eaf02025-08-20T01:49:35ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-05-0115112110.1038/s41598-025-00167-3Insights into the linkages of forest structure dynamics with ecosystem servicesT. V. Ramachandra0Paras Negi1Tulika Mondal2Syed Ashfaq Ahmed3Energy & Wetlands Research Group and IISc-EIACP, Centre for Ecological Sciences [CES], Indian Institute of ScienceEnergy & Wetlands Research Group and IISc-EIACP, Centre for Ecological Sciences [CES], Indian Institute of ScienceEnergy & Wetlands Research Group and IISc-EIACP, Centre for Ecological Sciences [CES], Indian Institute of ScienceDepartment of Applied Geology, Kuvempu UniversityAbstract Large-scale land cover changes leading to land degradation and deforestation in fragile ecosystems such as the Western Ghats have impaired ecosystem services, evident from the conversion of perennial water bodies to seasonal, which necessitates an understanding of forest structure dynamics with ecosystem services to evolve appropriate location-specific mitigation measures to arrest land degradation. The current study evaluates the extent and condition of forest ecosystems in Goa of the Central Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot. Land use dynamics is assessed through a supervised hierarchical classifier based on the Random Forest Machine Learning Algorithm, revealing that total forest cover declined by 3.75% during the post-1990s due to market forces associated with globalization. Likely land uses predicated through the CA-Markov-based Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) highlight a decline in evergreen forest cover of 10.98%. The carbon sequestration potential of forests in Goa assessed through the InVEST model highlights the storage of 56,131.16 Gg of carbon, which accounts for 373.47 billion INR (4.49 billion USD). The total ecosystem supply value (TESV) for forest ecosystems was computed by aggregating the provisioning, regulating, and cultural services, which accounts for 481.76 billion INR per year. TESV helps in accounting for the degradation cost of ecosystems towards the development of green GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Prioritization of Ecologically Sensitive Regions (ESR) considering bio-geo-climatic, ecological, and social characteristics at disaggregated levels reveals that 54.41% of the region is highly sensitive (ESR1 and ESR2). The outcome of the research offers invaluable insights for the formulation of strategic natural resource management approaches.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00167-3Land useLand coverLand use change predictionAgent-based modelingCarbon sequestrationInVEST model
spellingShingle T. V. Ramachandra
Paras Negi
Tulika Mondal
Syed Ashfaq Ahmed
Insights into the linkages of forest structure dynamics with ecosystem services
Scientific Reports
Land use
Land cover
Land use change prediction
Agent-based modeling
Carbon sequestration
InVEST model
title Insights into the linkages of forest structure dynamics with ecosystem services
title_full Insights into the linkages of forest structure dynamics with ecosystem services
title_fullStr Insights into the linkages of forest structure dynamics with ecosystem services
title_full_unstemmed Insights into the linkages of forest structure dynamics with ecosystem services
title_short Insights into the linkages of forest structure dynamics with ecosystem services
title_sort insights into the linkages of forest structure dynamics with ecosystem services
topic Land use
Land cover
Land use change prediction
Agent-based modeling
Carbon sequestration
InVEST model
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00167-3
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AT parasnegi insightsintothelinkagesofforeststructuredynamicswithecosystemservices
AT tulikamondal insightsintothelinkagesofforeststructuredynamicswithecosystemservices
AT syedashfaqahmed insightsintothelinkagesofforeststructuredynamicswithecosystemservices