Environmental vulnerability characteristics in an active swarm region
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: For the first time, an earthquake swarm occurred from April to August 2021 in Lake Toba; Indonesia, the world’s largest caldera lake. Although the earthquakes were located in a volcanic environment, the swarm activities could also be related to tectonic activities on the S...
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2023-04-01
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| author | A.V.H. Simanjuntak U Muksin A. Arifullah K. Lythgoe Y. Asnawi M. Sinambela S. Rizal S. Wei |
| author_facet | A.V.H. Simanjuntak U Muksin A. Arifullah K. Lythgoe Y. Asnawi M. Sinambela S. Rizal S. Wei |
| author_sort | A.V.H. Simanjuntak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: For the first time, an earthquake swarm occurred from April to August 2021 in Lake Toba; Indonesia, the world’s largest caldera lake. Although the earthquakes were located in a volcanic environment, the swarm activities could also be related to tectonic activities on the Sumatran fault. The swarm activities occurred at shallow depths and may influence the ground surface condition in which soil or rock below the subsurface can amplify the shaking. The research objective was to investigate the characteristics of the earthquake swarm in the Toba Caldera from the spectrum of the earthquake waveforms, site frequency, and horizontal-to-vertical ratio of sites.METHODS: The spectra of very closely located swarm and nonswarm earthquakes were analyzed to investigate the differences between both types of seismic events. The seismic spectral ratio of horizontal-over-vertical components was applied to calculate the spectrum in the active swarm region from all newly installed seismic sensors. The root mean square was applied to average the amplitude of the horizontal components. Then, the values of the horizontal-to-vertical ratios were obtained by comparing the average values of the horizontal and vertical components.FINDING: The microtremor study showed a more complete spectrum waveform from the low-to-high frequency of a non swarm earthquake, while the swarm earthquakes generated high-frequency seismograms. From the combination values of natural site frequencies and the horizontal-to-vertical ratios, the Toba environment can be classified into five clusters: I) Samosir–Hasinggaan, II) Samosir–Parapat, III) Silimapuluh, IV) Balige–Paropo, and V) Panjaitan. Samosir Island located in the middle of the Toba Caldera has the highest frequency and amplification, which are divided into two clusters.CONCLUSION: Cluster I, with high amplification corresponding to the earthquake intensity, was felt by people in northern Samosir. Cluster II is located in the southern part of Samosir Island. Cluster III features moderate values of amplification and seismic vulnerability and therefore needs attention before future infrastructure development. Cluster IV, located in the southern and northern regions with high amplification and vulnerability, is associated with the Quaternary eruption. Cluster V, situated in northeastern Toba, has the lowest amplification and vulnerability compared to other clusters. The microtremor results provide good correlation with the geology in the volcanic environment of the Toba region. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-def4c48a7e8644c4923aa5b4a3004744 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2383-3572 2383-3866 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | GJESM Publisher |
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| series | Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management |
| spelling | doaj-art-def4c48a7e8644c4923aa5b4a30047442025-02-03T06:27:47ZengGJESM PublisherGlobal Journal of Environmental Science and Management2383-35722383-38662023-04-019221122610.22034/gjesm.2023.02.3696623Environmental vulnerability characteristics in an active swarm regionA.V.H. Simanjuntak0U Muksin1A. Arifullah2K. Lythgoe3Y. Asnawi4M. Sinambela5S. Rizal6S. Wei71Graduate School of Mathematics and Applied Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, IndonesiaTsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Gampong Pie, IndonesiaTsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Gampong Pie, IndonesiaEarth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological of Singapore, SingaporeDepartment of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Kopelma Darussalam, Banda Aceh, IndonesiaMeteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency, BMKG, Medan, IndonesiaGraduate School of Mathematics and Applied Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh IndonesiaEarth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological of Singapore, SingaporeBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: For the first time, an earthquake swarm occurred from April to August 2021 in Lake Toba; Indonesia, the world’s largest caldera lake. Although the earthquakes were located in a volcanic environment, the swarm activities could also be related to tectonic activities on the Sumatran fault. The swarm activities occurred at shallow depths and may influence the ground surface condition in which soil or rock below the subsurface can amplify the shaking. The research objective was to investigate the characteristics of the earthquake swarm in the Toba Caldera from the spectrum of the earthquake waveforms, site frequency, and horizontal-to-vertical ratio of sites.METHODS: The spectra of very closely located swarm and nonswarm earthquakes were analyzed to investigate the differences between both types of seismic events. The seismic spectral ratio of horizontal-over-vertical components was applied to calculate the spectrum in the active swarm region from all newly installed seismic sensors. The root mean square was applied to average the amplitude of the horizontal components. Then, the values of the horizontal-to-vertical ratios were obtained by comparing the average values of the horizontal and vertical components.FINDING: The microtremor study showed a more complete spectrum waveform from the low-to-high frequency of a non swarm earthquake, while the swarm earthquakes generated high-frequency seismograms. From the combination values of natural site frequencies and the horizontal-to-vertical ratios, the Toba environment can be classified into five clusters: I) Samosir–Hasinggaan, II) Samosir–Parapat, III) Silimapuluh, IV) Balige–Paropo, and V) Panjaitan. Samosir Island located in the middle of the Toba Caldera has the highest frequency and amplification, which are divided into two clusters.CONCLUSION: Cluster I, with high amplification corresponding to the earthquake intensity, was felt by people in northern Samosir. Cluster II is located in the southern part of Samosir Island. Cluster III features moderate values of amplification and seismic vulnerability and therefore needs attention before future infrastructure development. Cluster IV, located in the southern and northern regions with high amplification and vulnerability, is associated with the Quaternary eruption. Cluster V, situated in northeastern Toba, has the lowest amplification and vulnerability compared to other clusters. The microtremor results provide good correlation with the geology in the volcanic environment of the Toba region.https://www.gjesm.net/article_696623_75d97330b25a160afd5aa155cf1d44c7.pdfearthquakeseismicspectral waveformswarmvolcanicvulnerability |
| spellingShingle | A.V.H. Simanjuntak U Muksin A. Arifullah K. Lythgoe Y. Asnawi M. Sinambela S. Rizal S. Wei Environmental vulnerability characteristics in an active swarm region Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management earthquake seismic spectral waveform swarm volcanic vulnerability |
| title | Environmental vulnerability characteristics in an active swarm region |
| title_full | Environmental vulnerability characteristics in an active swarm region |
| title_fullStr | Environmental vulnerability characteristics in an active swarm region |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental vulnerability characteristics in an active swarm region |
| title_short | Environmental vulnerability characteristics in an active swarm region |
| title_sort | environmental vulnerability characteristics in an active swarm region |
| topic | earthquake seismic spectral waveform swarm volcanic vulnerability |
| url | https://www.gjesm.net/article_696623_75d97330b25a160afd5aa155cf1d44c7.pdf |
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