Evaluating the Sustainability of Wheat–Maize System with a Long-Term Fertilization Experiment
In light of the issue concerning excessive fertilization that prevails in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, through conducting a 13-year long-term positioning experiment, the sustainability of a wheat and maize double-cropping soil system under different fertilization strategies is evaluated using the trian...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| author | Yun Shao Jiahui An Xueping Wang Shouchen Ma Ye Meng Yang Gao Shoutian Ma |
| author_facet | Yun Shao Jiahui An Xueping Wang Shouchen Ma Ye Meng Yang Gao Shoutian Ma |
| author_sort | Yun Shao |
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| description | In light of the issue concerning excessive fertilization that prevails in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, through conducting a 13-year long-term positioning experiment, the sustainability of a wheat and maize double-cropping soil system under different fertilization strategies is evaluated using the triangular area method. The objective is to establish a theoretical basis for the development and implementation of appropriate fertilization practices in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. In the protracted long-term experiment, chemical fertilizer (F) was taken as the control (CK) and three distinct treatments combining organic and inorganic fertilizers were used: chemical fertilizer with straw mulching (FS), chemical fertilizer with cow dung (FM), and chemical fertilizer with cow dung and straw mulching (FMS). Between 2018 and 2019, a non-fertilization treatment was concurrently incorporated in parallel on the foundation of each existing fertilization treatment. The results indicated that following prolonged fertilization, the soil nutrient content, enzyme activity, and crop yield of each organic fertilizer treatment were significantly greater than those of the chemical fertilizer treatment alone, resulting in a more stable yield. After two years of discontinuation of fertilizer cultivation, the soil fertility indexes of each treatment exhibited a notable decline. However, the rate of decrease in soil fertility indexes for the three organic fertilizer treatments was lower compared to that of the single application of chemical fertilizer treatment, suggesting that long-term allocation of organic + inorganic fertilizers contributes to better preservation of soil fertility. Through an assessment of the soil system’s sustainability under various treatments, it becomes evident that following a two-year cessation of fertilization, the sustainability indexes of the soils subjected to three long-term organic + inorganic fertilizer treatments (1.26, 1.29, and 1.27) exceeded that of the soil treated solely with chemical fertilizer (1.00). These findings provide further evidence supporting the notion that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers can enhance the soil system’s capacity for sustainable production in wheat–maize farmland within the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj-art-dc14b10ed3bf496d97f95e2205aa84a62025-01-24T13:17:12ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952025-01-0115121010.3390/agronomy15010210Evaluating the Sustainability of Wheat–Maize System with a Long-Term Fertilization ExperimentYun Shao0Jiahui An1Xueping Wang2Shouchen Ma3Ye Meng4Yang Gao5Shoutian Ma6College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, ChinaCollege of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, ChinaCollege of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453000, ChinaInstitute of Quantitative Remote Sensing & Smart Agriculture, School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, ChinaKey Lab for Crop Water Requirement and Regulation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Xinxiang 453002, ChinaKey Lab for Crop Water Requirement and Regulation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Xinxiang 453002, ChinaKey Lab for Crop Water Requirement and Regulation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Xinxiang 453002, ChinaIn light of the issue concerning excessive fertilization that prevails in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, through conducting a 13-year long-term positioning experiment, the sustainability of a wheat and maize double-cropping soil system under different fertilization strategies is evaluated using the triangular area method. The objective is to establish a theoretical basis for the development and implementation of appropriate fertilization practices in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. In the protracted long-term experiment, chemical fertilizer (F) was taken as the control (CK) and three distinct treatments combining organic and inorganic fertilizers were used: chemical fertilizer with straw mulching (FS), chemical fertilizer with cow dung (FM), and chemical fertilizer with cow dung and straw mulching (FMS). Between 2018 and 2019, a non-fertilization treatment was concurrently incorporated in parallel on the foundation of each existing fertilization treatment. The results indicated that following prolonged fertilization, the soil nutrient content, enzyme activity, and crop yield of each organic fertilizer treatment were significantly greater than those of the chemical fertilizer treatment alone, resulting in a more stable yield. After two years of discontinuation of fertilizer cultivation, the soil fertility indexes of each treatment exhibited a notable decline. However, the rate of decrease in soil fertility indexes for the three organic fertilizer treatments was lower compared to that of the single application of chemical fertilizer treatment, suggesting that long-term allocation of organic + inorganic fertilizers contributes to better preservation of soil fertility. Through an assessment of the soil system’s sustainability under various treatments, it becomes evident that following a two-year cessation of fertilization, the sustainability indexes of the soils subjected to three long-term organic + inorganic fertilizer treatments (1.26, 1.29, and 1.27) exceeded that of the soil treated solely with chemical fertilizer (1.00). These findings provide further evidence supporting the notion that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers can enhance the soil system’s capacity for sustainable production in wheat–maize farmland within the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/1/210long-term fertilizationsoil qualitywheat and maize cropping systemsustainability index |
| spellingShingle | Yun Shao Jiahui An Xueping Wang Shouchen Ma Ye Meng Yang Gao Shoutian Ma Evaluating the Sustainability of Wheat–Maize System with a Long-Term Fertilization Experiment Agronomy long-term fertilization soil quality wheat and maize cropping system sustainability index |
| title | Evaluating the Sustainability of Wheat–Maize System with a Long-Term Fertilization Experiment |
| title_full | Evaluating the Sustainability of Wheat–Maize System with a Long-Term Fertilization Experiment |
| title_fullStr | Evaluating the Sustainability of Wheat–Maize System with a Long-Term Fertilization Experiment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluating the Sustainability of Wheat–Maize System with a Long-Term Fertilization Experiment |
| title_short | Evaluating the Sustainability of Wheat–Maize System with a Long-Term Fertilization Experiment |
| title_sort | evaluating the sustainability of wheat maize system with a long term fertilization experiment |
| topic | long-term fertilization soil quality wheat and maize cropping system sustainability index |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/1/210 |
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