Exploring synergistic insecticidal effects of binary mixtures of major compounds from six essential oils against Callosobruchus maculatus

Abstract The cowpea seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, causes significant damage to stored grains of food legumes. Given the environmental and health hazards associated with synthetic fumigants and residual insecticides, there is an urgent need for safer alternatives. This study investigates the...

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Main Authors: Lamyae Et-tazy, Abdeslam Lamiri, Sanae Krimi Bencheqroun, Hajare Errati, Abeer Hashem, Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada, Elsayed Fathi Abd-Allah, Badr Satrani, Mohamed Essahli, Laila Satia
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-04-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98566-z
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author Lamyae Et-tazy
Abdeslam Lamiri
Sanae Krimi Bencheqroun
Hajare Errati
Abeer Hashem
Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada
Elsayed Fathi Abd-Allah
Badr Satrani
Mohamed Essahli
Laila Satia
author_facet Lamyae Et-tazy
Abdeslam Lamiri
Sanae Krimi Bencheqroun
Hajare Errati
Abeer Hashem
Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada
Elsayed Fathi Abd-Allah
Badr Satrani
Mohamed Essahli
Laila Satia
author_sort Lamyae Et-tazy
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The cowpea seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, causes significant damage to stored grains of food legumes. Given the environmental and health hazards associated with synthetic fumigants and residual insecticides, there is an urgent need for safer alternatives. This study investigates the insecticidal potential of six different essential oils and their major components based binary mixtures activities against C. maculatus. The EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The insecticidal activity of each EO was evaluated by fumigation in vitro. The major components of the EOs showing significant insecticidal activity (1,8-cineole, carvacrol, pulegone, and eugenol) were evaluated individually and in sublethal binary mixtures to determine synergistic effects at a 1:1 ratio. Notably, the EO of R. officinalis exhibited the highest fumigant toxicity, with an LC50 of 29.06 µl/l air in males and 44.27 µl/l air in females at 48 h. The major components were more potent than the complete EOs, particularly 1,8-cineole (males: LC50 = 17.83 µl/l air and females: LC50 = 28.08 µl/l air at 48 h) and pulegone (males: LC50 = 23.04 µl/l air and females: LC50 = 38.25 µl/l air at 48 h). Binary combinations of these compounds were even more effective than single compounds, particularly the eugenol and carvacrol mixture, which resulted in 76.67% mortality in males and 63.33% in females at 48 h, and the 1,8-cineole and carvacrol combination, which produced 70.00% mortality in males and 60.00% in females. Interestingly, males C. maculatus were more susceptible to the treatments than females. These results highlight the potential of natural fumigants as environmentally friendly solutions for seed preservation and sustainable pest management.
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spelling doaj-art-dbd5bdc1d8d042cb8dcf4d8fa59c7fe92025-08-20T02:55:38ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-04-0115111710.1038/s41598-025-98566-zExploring synergistic insecticidal effects of binary mixtures of major compounds from six essential oils against Callosobruchus maculatusLamyae Et-tazy0Abdeslam Lamiri1Sanae Krimi Bencheqroun2Hajare Errati3Abeer Hashem4Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada5Elsayed Fathi Abd-Allah6Badr Satrani7Mohamed Essahli8Laila Satia9Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan First UniversityLaboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan First UniversityLaboratory of Plant Protection, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Settat, National Institute of Agricultural ResearchLaboratory of Agro-Alimentary and Health, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan First UniversityDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud UniversityFacultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas, Universidad Autónoma de ChihuahuaDepartment of Plant Production, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud UniversityForestry Research Center - RabatLaboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan First UniversityLaboratory of Plant Protection, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Settat, National Institute of Agricultural ResearchAbstract The cowpea seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, causes significant damage to stored grains of food legumes. Given the environmental and health hazards associated with synthetic fumigants and residual insecticides, there is an urgent need for safer alternatives. This study investigates the insecticidal potential of six different essential oils and their major components based binary mixtures activities against C. maculatus. The EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The insecticidal activity of each EO was evaluated by fumigation in vitro. The major components of the EOs showing significant insecticidal activity (1,8-cineole, carvacrol, pulegone, and eugenol) were evaluated individually and in sublethal binary mixtures to determine synergistic effects at a 1:1 ratio. Notably, the EO of R. officinalis exhibited the highest fumigant toxicity, with an LC50 of 29.06 µl/l air in males and 44.27 µl/l air in females at 48 h. The major components were more potent than the complete EOs, particularly 1,8-cineole (males: LC50 = 17.83 µl/l air and females: LC50 = 28.08 µl/l air at 48 h) and pulegone (males: LC50 = 23.04 µl/l air and females: LC50 = 38.25 µl/l air at 48 h). Binary combinations of these compounds were even more effective than single compounds, particularly the eugenol and carvacrol mixture, which resulted in 76.67% mortality in males and 63.33% in females at 48 h, and the 1,8-cineole and carvacrol combination, which produced 70.00% mortality in males and 60.00% in females. Interestingly, males C. maculatus were more susceptible to the treatments than females. These results highlight the potential of natural fumigants as environmentally friendly solutions for seed preservation and sustainable pest management.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98566-z
spellingShingle Lamyae Et-tazy
Abdeslam Lamiri
Sanae Krimi Bencheqroun
Hajare Errati
Abeer Hashem
Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada
Elsayed Fathi Abd-Allah
Badr Satrani
Mohamed Essahli
Laila Satia
Exploring synergistic insecticidal effects of binary mixtures of major compounds from six essential oils against Callosobruchus maculatus
Scientific Reports
title Exploring synergistic insecticidal effects of binary mixtures of major compounds from six essential oils against Callosobruchus maculatus
title_full Exploring synergistic insecticidal effects of binary mixtures of major compounds from six essential oils against Callosobruchus maculatus
title_fullStr Exploring synergistic insecticidal effects of binary mixtures of major compounds from six essential oils against Callosobruchus maculatus
title_full_unstemmed Exploring synergistic insecticidal effects of binary mixtures of major compounds from six essential oils against Callosobruchus maculatus
title_short Exploring synergistic insecticidal effects of binary mixtures of major compounds from six essential oils against Callosobruchus maculatus
title_sort exploring synergistic insecticidal effects of binary mixtures of major compounds from six essential oils against callosobruchus maculatus
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98566-z
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