Advances of oncolytic vaccinia viruses armed with interleukin in tumor therapy

Oncolytic vaccinia viruses armed with interleukins represent a promising frontier in tumor therapy. Oncolytic vaccinia viruses express IL-2, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-21, IL-23, IL-24, and IL-36γ remodel the tumor microenvironment,enhance immune cell infiltration, suppress immunosuppressive elements a...

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Main Authors: Mingyong Zha, Fei Huang, Songlin Li, Qi Wang, Yong Tang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-05-01
Series:Frontiers in Oncology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2025.1594621/full
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author Mingyong Zha
Fei Huang
Songlin Li
Qi Wang
Qi Wang
Qi Wang
Yong Tang
Yong Tang
Yong Tang
author_facet Mingyong Zha
Fei Huang
Songlin Li
Qi Wang
Qi Wang
Qi Wang
Yong Tang
Yong Tang
Yong Tang
author_sort Mingyong Zha
collection DOAJ
description Oncolytic vaccinia viruses armed with interleukins represent a promising frontier in tumor therapy. Oncolytic vaccinia viruses express IL-2, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-21, IL-23, IL-24, and IL-36γ remodel the tumor microenvironment,enhance immune cell infiltration, suppress immunosuppressive elements and promot systemic antitumor immunity. Combinatorial strategies with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, metabolic modulators, immune checkpoint inhibitors, or natural compounds amplify therapeutic efficacy for tumors. In addition, we review the existing solutions to the problems of the immune clearance of virus, such as the use of inhibitors to prevent neutralizing antibodies from binding to the virus and the use of polymer encapsulation or mesenchymal stem cell loading. We also discussed Current directions include optimizing delivery systems, leveraging Artificial Intelligence for personalized designs of Oncolytic vaccinia virus inserted interleukins to guide the research in the future.
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publishDate 2025-05-01
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
record_format Article
series Frontiers in Oncology
spelling doaj-art-db981a900f7a4b5088a0dd5f5f7264d12025-08-20T02:33:14ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Oncology2234-943X2025-05-011510.3389/fonc.2025.15946211594621Advances of oncolytic vaccinia viruses armed with interleukin in tumor therapyMingyong Zha0Fei Huang1Songlin Li2Qi Wang3Qi Wang4Qi Wang5Yong Tang6Yong Tang7Yong Tang8Department of Urology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaDepartment of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaDepartment of Urology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaDepartment of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaKey Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High-incidence Tumors, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaUniversity Engineering Research Center of Oncolytic & Nanosystem Development, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaDepartment of Urology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaUniversity Engineering Research Center of Oncolytic & Nanosystem Development, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaDepartment of Urology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaOncolytic vaccinia viruses armed with interleukins represent a promising frontier in tumor therapy. Oncolytic vaccinia viruses express IL-2, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-21, IL-23, IL-24, and IL-36γ remodel the tumor microenvironment,enhance immune cell infiltration, suppress immunosuppressive elements and promot systemic antitumor immunity. Combinatorial strategies with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, metabolic modulators, immune checkpoint inhibitors, or natural compounds amplify therapeutic efficacy for tumors. In addition, we review the existing solutions to the problems of the immune clearance of virus, such as the use of inhibitors to prevent neutralizing antibodies from binding to the virus and the use of polymer encapsulation or mesenchymal stem cell loading. We also discussed Current directions include optimizing delivery systems, leveraging Artificial Intelligence for personalized designs of Oncolytic vaccinia virus inserted interleukins to guide the research in the future.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2025.1594621/fullgene therapyinterleukinstumor microenvironmentoncolytic vaccinia viruscombined therapy
spellingShingle Mingyong Zha
Fei Huang
Songlin Li
Qi Wang
Qi Wang
Qi Wang
Yong Tang
Yong Tang
Yong Tang
Advances of oncolytic vaccinia viruses armed with interleukin in tumor therapy
Frontiers in Oncology
gene therapy
interleukins
tumor microenvironment
oncolytic vaccinia virus
combined therapy
title Advances of oncolytic vaccinia viruses armed with interleukin in tumor therapy
title_full Advances of oncolytic vaccinia viruses armed with interleukin in tumor therapy
title_fullStr Advances of oncolytic vaccinia viruses armed with interleukin in tumor therapy
title_full_unstemmed Advances of oncolytic vaccinia viruses armed with interleukin in tumor therapy
title_short Advances of oncolytic vaccinia viruses armed with interleukin in tumor therapy
title_sort advances of oncolytic vaccinia viruses armed with interleukin in tumor therapy
topic gene therapy
interleukins
tumor microenvironment
oncolytic vaccinia virus
combined therapy
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2025.1594621/full
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