Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Chelate Microextraction of Rare Earth Elements: Optimization and Greenness Evaluation
An ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method was developed to concentrate and quantify rare earth elements (REEs) (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) in acidic aqueous solutions. Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) was used as the diluent, di-(...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Milica Delić Mirjana Ristić Maja Đolić Aleksandra Perić-Grujić Antonije Onjia |
| author_facet | Milica Delić Mirjana Ristić Maja Đolić Aleksandra Perić-Grujić Antonije Onjia |
| author_sort | Milica Delić |
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| description | An ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method was developed to concentrate and quantify rare earth elements (REEs) (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) in acidic aqueous solutions. Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) was used as the diluent, di-(2-ethyl hexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as the extracting agent, and acetone as the dispersant solvent. The method was optimized at pH = 2.3, T = 25 °C, and V<sub>S</sub> = 400 µL of a PCE ÷ D2EHPA mixture (10 ÷ 1) using the response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken design. Under optimal conditions, the method proved efficient for the DLLME of most REEs (Y, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu), where the achieved recoveries were in the range of 61–109%, while relative standard deviations were in the range 11–28%. The proposed method was applied to recover REEs from real coal ash leachate samples. A greenness evaluation using the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), and Analytical Eco-Scale (AES) methodologies revealed acceptable metric scores of 74, 0.61, and 26.6–79.8, respectively. |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2075-4701 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-daa23aa804c44c4a92c2c098af4edc132025-01-24T13:41:31ZengMDPI AGMetals2075-47012025-01-011515210.3390/met15010052Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Chelate Microextraction of Rare Earth Elements: Optimization and Greenness EvaluationMilica Delić0Mirjana Ristić1Maja Đolić2Aleksandra Perić-Grujić3Antonije Onjia4Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11120 Belgrade, SerbiaFaculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11120 Belgrade, SerbiaFaculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11120 Belgrade, SerbiaFaculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11120 Belgrade, SerbiaFaculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11120 Belgrade, SerbiaAn ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method was developed to concentrate and quantify rare earth elements (REEs) (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) in acidic aqueous solutions. Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) was used as the diluent, di-(2-ethyl hexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as the extracting agent, and acetone as the dispersant solvent. The method was optimized at pH = 2.3, T = 25 °C, and V<sub>S</sub> = 400 µL of a PCE ÷ D2EHPA mixture (10 ÷ 1) using the response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken design. Under optimal conditions, the method proved efficient for the DLLME of most REEs (Y, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu), where the achieved recoveries were in the range of 61–109%, while relative standard deviations were in the range 11–28%. The proposed method was applied to recover REEs from real coal ash leachate samples. A greenness evaluation using the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), and Analytical Eco-Scale (AES) methodologies revealed acceptable metric scores of 74, 0.61, and 26.6–79.8, respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/15/1/52REEscoal ash leachateDLLMED2EHPABox–Behnkenresponse surface methodology |
| spellingShingle | Milica Delić Mirjana Ristić Maja Đolić Aleksandra Perić-Grujić Antonije Onjia Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Chelate Microextraction of Rare Earth Elements: Optimization and Greenness Evaluation Metals REEs coal ash leachate DLLME D2EHPA Box–Behnken response surface methodology |
| title | Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Chelate Microextraction of Rare Earth Elements: Optimization and Greenness Evaluation |
| title_full | Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Chelate Microextraction of Rare Earth Elements: Optimization and Greenness Evaluation |
| title_fullStr | Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Chelate Microextraction of Rare Earth Elements: Optimization and Greenness Evaluation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Chelate Microextraction of Rare Earth Elements: Optimization and Greenness Evaluation |
| title_short | Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Chelate Microextraction of Rare Earth Elements: Optimization and Greenness Evaluation |
| title_sort | dispersive liquid liquid chelate microextraction of rare earth elements optimization and greenness evaluation |
| topic | REEs coal ash leachate DLLME D2EHPA Box–Behnken response surface methodology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/15/1/52 |
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