First result of boronization assisted by the ICWC on EAST with full metal wall
Boron (B), a low- Z (atomic number) material, has been widely utilized in wall conditioning to improve plasma performance in fusion devices (Winter et al 1989 J. Nucl. Mater. 162 713–23). In 2023, boronization was successfully conducted on EAST featuring an ITER-like tungsten divertor and fully meta...
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2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/adf75c |
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| author | Y.H. Guan G.Z. Zuo W. Xu Y.W. Yu Z. Sun Z. Wang R. Ding L. Zhang T. Zhang Z.W. Wu S.T. Mao H.L. Zhao T.Q. Jia S.A. Puyang L. Wang T. Wauters X.Z. Gong J.S. Hu |
| author_facet | Y.H. Guan G.Z. Zuo W. Xu Y.W. Yu Z. Sun Z. Wang R. Ding L. Zhang T. Zhang Z.W. Wu S.T. Mao H.L. Zhao T.Q. Jia S.A. Puyang L. Wang T. Wauters X.Z. Gong J.S. Hu |
| author_sort | Y.H. Guan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Boron (B), a low- Z (atomic number) material, has been widely utilized in wall conditioning to improve plasma performance in fusion devices (Winter et al 1989 J. Nucl. Mater. 162 713–23). In 2023, boronization was successfully conducted on EAST featuring an ITER-like tungsten divertor and fully metallic first wall. The process employed predischarge coating with carborane (C _2 B _10 H _12 ) as the working material, assisted by ion cyclotron wall conditioning (ICWC). After one time 12 g boronization, it was found the thickness of B film was approximately 120 nm. Post-boronization observations indicated that substantial hydrogen (H) release during initial plasma discharges compared with the consumed W/B wall, attributed to H co-deposition during the ICWC-boronization processing, which led to uncontrollable divertor neutral pressure and plasma density. The H/(H + D) ratio demonstrated a gradual reduction from ∼85% to 30% over more than 1850 s of deuterium plasma, with a cumulative injected energy of 2325 MJ. The B coating significantly enhanced the stored energy in plasma and improved confinement performance. The stored energy in plasma showed an increase of about 20%, primarily due to a reduction in impurity radiation, including oxygen (O) and heavy impurities such as tungsten (W), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu). The effective ion charge ( Z _eff ) decreased from 2.3 to 2.0. Following ICWC-boronization, the line-integrated radiation profile decreased by nearly 35% in the plasma core, plasma density and electron temperature exhibited an increase of ∼7% and 12% due to enhanced wall fueling and reduced impurity radiation. The lifetime of boronization, as evaluated by the line emissions from boron and other impurity radiation, was about 1700 s of deuterium plasma, with a cumulative injected energy of 2125 MJ on EAST. These findings provide significant insights for evaluating ICWC-boronization applicability in ITER with full W wall structure. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d8f6fb87e1ee472d845ca4eead6d3eef |
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| spelling | doaj-art-d8f6fb87e1ee472d845ca4eead6d3eef2025-08-20T03:04:49ZengIOP PublishingNuclear Fusion0029-55152025-01-0165909602010.1088/1741-4326/adf75cFirst result of boronization assisted by the ICWC on EAST with full metal wallY.H. Guan0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1935-5074G.Z. Zuo1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4149-089XW. Xu2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8619-6953Y.W. Yu3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2319-7259Z. Sun4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7224-3592Z. Wang5https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6857-1431R. Ding6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2880-9736L. Zhang7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7880-9588T. Zhang8Z.W. Wu9S.T. Mao10H.L. Zhao11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6636-3432T.Q. Jia12https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9797-6904S.A. Puyang13L. Wang14T. Wauters15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2941-7817X.Z. Gong16J.S. Hu17University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China; Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, ChinaInstitute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, ChinaInstitute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center , Hefei, Anhui 230026, ChinaInstitute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, ChinaPrinceton University Plasma Physics Laboratory Princeton , Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of AmericaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China; Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, ChinaInstitute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, ChinaInstitute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, ChinaInstitute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, ChinaInstitute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, ChinaInstitute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, ChinaInstitute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, ChinaInstitute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, ChinaUniversity of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China; Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, ChinaInstitute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, ChinaITER Organization , Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St Paul Lez Durance Cedex, FranceInstitute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, ChinaInstitute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei, Anhui 230031, ChinaBoron (B), a low- Z (atomic number) material, has been widely utilized in wall conditioning to improve plasma performance in fusion devices (Winter et al 1989 J. Nucl. Mater. 162 713–23). In 2023, boronization was successfully conducted on EAST featuring an ITER-like tungsten divertor and fully metallic first wall. The process employed predischarge coating with carborane (C _2 B _10 H _12 ) as the working material, assisted by ion cyclotron wall conditioning (ICWC). After one time 12 g boronization, it was found the thickness of B film was approximately 120 nm. Post-boronization observations indicated that substantial hydrogen (H) release during initial plasma discharges compared with the consumed W/B wall, attributed to H co-deposition during the ICWC-boronization processing, which led to uncontrollable divertor neutral pressure and plasma density. The H/(H + D) ratio demonstrated a gradual reduction from ∼85% to 30% over more than 1850 s of deuterium plasma, with a cumulative injected energy of 2325 MJ. The B coating significantly enhanced the stored energy in plasma and improved confinement performance. The stored energy in plasma showed an increase of about 20%, primarily due to a reduction in impurity radiation, including oxygen (O) and heavy impurities such as tungsten (W), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu). The effective ion charge ( Z _eff ) decreased from 2.3 to 2.0. Following ICWC-boronization, the line-integrated radiation profile decreased by nearly 35% in the plasma core, plasma density and electron temperature exhibited an increase of ∼7% and 12% due to enhanced wall fueling and reduced impurity radiation. The lifetime of boronization, as evaluated by the line emissions from boron and other impurity radiation, was about 1700 s of deuterium plasma, with a cumulative injected energy of 2125 MJ on EAST. These findings provide significant insights for evaluating ICWC-boronization applicability in ITER with full W wall structure.https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/adf75cboronizationtungstenplasmaEAST |
| spellingShingle | Y.H. Guan G.Z. Zuo W. Xu Y.W. Yu Z. Sun Z. Wang R. Ding L. Zhang T. Zhang Z.W. Wu S.T. Mao H.L. Zhao T.Q. Jia S.A. Puyang L. Wang T. Wauters X.Z. Gong J.S. Hu First result of boronization assisted by the ICWC on EAST with full metal wall Nuclear Fusion boronization tungsten plasma EAST |
| title | First result of boronization assisted by the ICWC on EAST with full metal wall |
| title_full | First result of boronization assisted by the ICWC on EAST with full metal wall |
| title_fullStr | First result of boronization assisted by the ICWC on EAST with full metal wall |
| title_full_unstemmed | First result of boronization assisted by the ICWC on EAST with full metal wall |
| title_short | First result of boronization assisted by the ICWC on EAST with full metal wall |
| title_sort | first result of boronization assisted by the icwc on east with full metal wall |
| topic | boronization tungsten plasma EAST |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/adf75c |
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