A dual-band microwave sensor for glucose measurements utilizing an enclosed split ring metamaterial-based array
Diabetes is currently a major public health concern, partly exacerbated by the recent outbreak of coronavirus. Most of the published EM-wave based glucose sensors of this date allow a glucose concentration to be determined through a resonance frequency shift, inevitably with a questionable accuracy....
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Elsevier
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098625000023 |
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| author | Abhishek Kandwal Ziheng Ju Louis W.Y. Liu Rohit Jasrotia Choon Kit Chan Zedong Nie Ali M. Almuhlafi Hamsakutty Vettikalladi |
| author_facet | Abhishek Kandwal Ziheng Ju Louis W.Y. Liu Rohit Jasrotia Choon Kit Chan Zedong Nie Ali M. Almuhlafi Hamsakutty Vettikalladi |
| author_sort | Abhishek Kandwal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Diabetes is currently a major public health concern, partly exacerbated by the recent outbreak of coronavirus. Most of the published EM-wave based glucose sensors of this date allow a glucose concentration to be determined through a resonance frequency shift, inevitably with a questionable accuracy. To overcome the accuracy problem, a dual-band glucose sensor with dimensions 50 mm × 20 mm is proposed in this work to enable a glucose concentration to be measured at one resonance frequency band and cross-checked at another. An array of split-ring resonators (SRRs) was fabricated at a rectangular sensing area on the top surface of a 0.3 mm thick PET substrate, forming a metasurface with dual resonance bands at 4.5 GHz and 9.2 GHz. The backside of the PET substrate was fabricated with a defected ground plane designed to suppress the Q-factor associated with 4.5 GHz while leaving the Q-factor associated with 9.2 GHz unchanged. During a glucose concentration measurement, a drop of glucose solution was applied to the rectangular metasurface sensing area. The glucose concentration was determined in the form of a resonance frequency shift of the reflection coefficient at 4.5 GHz and a magnitude change of the reflection coefficient at 9.2 GHz. Consistent with our theoretical prediction, the fabricated sensor has indeed exhibited a dual resonant band characteristics, with one resonance occurring at 4.5 GHz and the other at 9.2 GHz. By measuring the reflection coefficient near 4.5 GHz, a positive and linear correlation in the log scale was observed between the glucose concentration and the resonant frequency shift with a sensitivity of 0.6 MHz/(mgdL−1). At 9.2 GHz, there was no significant resonant frequency shift with varying glucose concentrations, but the magnitude of the reflection coefficient changed with the glucose concentration nonlinearly in an amount-dependent manner, with a sensitivity of 16.6 dB per unit glucose concentration within the clinical diabetic range. Overall, the log scale of the glucose concentration has exhibited a positive and linear correlation within the clinical diabetic range with both the resonant frequency shift at 4.5 GHz and the magnitude change at 9.2 GHz, thereby allowing the glucose concentration to be measured at 4.5 GHz and further cross-checked at 9.2 GHz at the same time. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d8c72ae473b64cb484a5b83f7b3a7169 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2215-0986 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-d8c72ae473b64cb484a5b83f7b3a71692025-02-06T05:11:51ZengElsevierEngineering Science and Technology, an International Journal2215-09862025-02-0162101947A dual-band microwave sensor for glucose measurements utilizing an enclosed split ring metamaterial-based arrayAbhishek Kandwal0Ziheng Ju1Louis W.Y. Liu2Rohit Jasrotia3Choon Kit Chan4Zedong Nie5Ali M. Almuhlafi6Hamsakutty Vettikalladi7School of Physics and Materials Science, Shoolini University, H.P, 173229, India; Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China; INTI International University, Putra Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, 71800, Malaysia; School of Chips, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215400, China; Corresponding authors.Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, ChinaFaculty of Engineering, Vietnamese German University, Binh Duong Province, 75000, Viet NamDepartment of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai Tamil Nadu, 602105, IndiaINTI International University, Putra Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, 71800, MalaysiaShenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Corresponding authors.Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi ArabiaDiabetes is currently a major public health concern, partly exacerbated by the recent outbreak of coronavirus. Most of the published EM-wave based glucose sensors of this date allow a glucose concentration to be determined through a resonance frequency shift, inevitably with a questionable accuracy. To overcome the accuracy problem, a dual-band glucose sensor with dimensions 50 mm × 20 mm is proposed in this work to enable a glucose concentration to be measured at one resonance frequency band and cross-checked at another. An array of split-ring resonators (SRRs) was fabricated at a rectangular sensing area on the top surface of a 0.3 mm thick PET substrate, forming a metasurface with dual resonance bands at 4.5 GHz and 9.2 GHz. The backside of the PET substrate was fabricated with a defected ground plane designed to suppress the Q-factor associated with 4.5 GHz while leaving the Q-factor associated with 9.2 GHz unchanged. During a glucose concentration measurement, a drop of glucose solution was applied to the rectangular metasurface sensing area. The glucose concentration was determined in the form of a resonance frequency shift of the reflection coefficient at 4.5 GHz and a magnitude change of the reflection coefficient at 9.2 GHz. Consistent with our theoretical prediction, the fabricated sensor has indeed exhibited a dual resonant band characteristics, with one resonance occurring at 4.5 GHz and the other at 9.2 GHz. By measuring the reflection coefficient near 4.5 GHz, a positive and linear correlation in the log scale was observed between the glucose concentration and the resonant frequency shift with a sensitivity of 0.6 MHz/(mgdL−1). At 9.2 GHz, there was no significant resonant frequency shift with varying glucose concentrations, but the magnitude of the reflection coefficient changed with the glucose concentration nonlinearly in an amount-dependent manner, with a sensitivity of 16.6 dB per unit glucose concentration within the clinical diabetic range. Overall, the log scale of the glucose concentration has exhibited a positive and linear correlation within the clinical diabetic range with both the resonant frequency shift at 4.5 GHz and the magnitude change at 9.2 GHz, thereby allowing the glucose concentration to be measured at 4.5 GHz and further cross-checked at 9.2 GHz at the same time.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098625000023DiabetesHuman HealthMetasurfaceAnomalous dispersion |
| spellingShingle | Abhishek Kandwal Ziheng Ju Louis W.Y. Liu Rohit Jasrotia Choon Kit Chan Zedong Nie Ali M. Almuhlafi Hamsakutty Vettikalladi A dual-band microwave sensor for glucose measurements utilizing an enclosed split ring metamaterial-based array Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal Diabetes Human Health Metasurface Anomalous dispersion |
| title | A dual-band microwave sensor for glucose measurements utilizing an enclosed split ring metamaterial-based array |
| title_full | A dual-band microwave sensor for glucose measurements utilizing an enclosed split ring metamaterial-based array |
| title_fullStr | A dual-band microwave sensor for glucose measurements utilizing an enclosed split ring metamaterial-based array |
| title_full_unstemmed | A dual-band microwave sensor for glucose measurements utilizing an enclosed split ring metamaterial-based array |
| title_short | A dual-band microwave sensor for glucose measurements utilizing an enclosed split ring metamaterial-based array |
| title_sort | dual band microwave sensor for glucose measurements utilizing an enclosed split ring metamaterial based array |
| topic | Diabetes Human Health Metasurface Anomalous dispersion |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098625000023 |
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