Assessment of Chemical and Biological Fungicides for the Control of <i>Diplodia mutila</i> Causing Wood Necrosis in Hazelnut
Fungal trunk disease (FTD) poses a significant threat to hazelnut (<i>Corylus avellana</i> L.) production worldwide. In Chile, the fungus <i>Diplodia mutila</i>, from the Botryosphaeriaceae family, has been frequently identified causing this disease in the Maule and Ñuble Reg...
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MDPI AG
2024-09-01
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| author | Verónica Retamal Juan San Martín Braulio Ruíz Richard M. Bastías Eugenio Sanfuentes María José Lisperguer Tommaso De Gregorio Matteo Maspero Ernesto Moya-Elizondo |
| author_facet | Verónica Retamal Juan San Martín Braulio Ruíz Richard M. Bastías Eugenio Sanfuentes María José Lisperguer Tommaso De Gregorio Matteo Maspero Ernesto Moya-Elizondo |
| author_sort | Verónica Retamal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fungal trunk disease (FTD) poses a significant threat to hazelnut (<i>Corylus avellana</i> L.) production worldwide. In Chile, the fungus <i>Diplodia mutila</i>, from the Botryosphaeriaceae family, has been frequently identified causing this disease in the Maule and Ñuble Regions. However, control measures for <i>D. mutila</i> remain limited. This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical and biological fungicides against <i>D. mutila</i> under in vitro, controlled pot experiment, and field conditions. An in vitro screening of 30 fungicides was conducted. The effectiveness was assessed by measuring the length of vascular lesions in hazelnut branches inoculated with <i>D. mutila</i> mycelium disks under controlled and field conditions. Field trials were conducted in a hazelnut orchard in Ñiquén, Ñuble Region, Chile. The results showed that three biological and five chemical fungicides were selected in vitro with >31% inhibition after 14 days. In pot experiments, all fungicides reduced necrotic lesions on branches by 32% to 61%. In field experiments, the most effective systemic fungicides were fluopyram/tebuconazole, fluxapyroxad/pyraclostrobin, and tebuconazole, while the effectiveness of antagonists <i>Pseudomonas protegens</i> ChC7 and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> QST713 varied with seasonal temperatures. Effective conventional and biological fungicides against <i>D. mutila</i> could be integrated into disease management programs to protect hazelnut wounds from infections. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj-art-d8bccbd1d1194cfabdb2c1a65c82333c2025-08-20T01:47:37ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472024-09-011319275310.3390/plants13192753Assessment of Chemical and Biological Fungicides for the Control of <i>Diplodia mutila</i> Causing Wood Necrosis in HazelnutVerónica Retamal0Juan San Martín1Braulio Ruíz2Richard M. Bastías3Eugenio Sanfuentes4María José Lisperguer5Tommaso De Gregorio6Matteo Maspero7Ernesto Moya-Elizondo8Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, ChileDepartamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, ChileDepartamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, ChileDepartamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, ChileLaboratorio de Patología Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, ChileDepartamento Técnico, Frutícola Agrichile S.A., Curicó 3340000, ChileAgri Competence Centre, Ferrero Hazelnut Company (HCo), Senningerberg, L-2633 Luxembourg, LuxembourgAgri Competence Centre, Ferrero Hazelnut Company (HCo), Senningerberg, L-2633 Luxembourg, LuxembourgDepartamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, ChileFungal trunk disease (FTD) poses a significant threat to hazelnut (<i>Corylus avellana</i> L.) production worldwide. In Chile, the fungus <i>Diplodia mutila</i>, from the Botryosphaeriaceae family, has been frequently identified causing this disease in the Maule and Ñuble Regions. However, control measures for <i>D. mutila</i> remain limited. This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical and biological fungicides against <i>D. mutila</i> under in vitro, controlled pot experiment, and field conditions. An in vitro screening of 30 fungicides was conducted. The effectiveness was assessed by measuring the length of vascular lesions in hazelnut branches inoculated with <i>D. mutila</i> mycelium disks under controlled and field conditions. Field trials were conducted in a hazelnut orchard in Ñiquén, Ñuble Region, Chile. The results showed that three biological and five chemical fungicides were selected in vitro with >31% inhibition after 14 days. In pot experiments, all fungicides reduced necrotic lesions on branches by 32% to 61%. In field experiments, the most effective systemic fungicides were fluopyram/tebuconazole, fluxapyroxad/pyraclostrobin, and tebuconazole, while the effectiveness of antagonists <i>Pseudomonas protegens</i> ChC7 and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> QST713 varied with seasonal temperatures. Effective conventional and biological fungicides against <i>D. mutila</i> could be integrated into disease management programs to protect hazelnut wounds from infections.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/19/2753<i>Corylus avellana</i> L.fungal trunk diseasefungicidesbiocontrol agents<i>Pseudomonas protegens</i> ChC7<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> QST 713 |
| spellingShingle | Verónica Retamal Juan San Martín Braulio Ruíz Richard M. Bastías Eugenio Sanfuentes María José Lisperguer Tommaso De Gregorio Matteo Maspero Ernesto Moya-Elizondo Assessment of Chemical and Biological Fungicides for the Control of <i>Diplodia mutila</i> Causing Wood Necrosis in Hazelnut Plants <i>Corylus avellana</i> L. fungal trunk disease fungicides biocontrol agents <i>Pseudomonas protegens</i> ChC7 <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> QST 713 |
| title | Assessment of Chemical and Biological Fungicides for the Control of <i>Diplodia mutila</i> Causing Wood Necrosis in Hazelnut |
| title_full | Assessment of Chemical and Biological Fungicides for the Control of <i>Diplodia mutila</i> Causing Wood Necrosis in Hazelnut |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of Chemical and Biological Fungicides for the Control of <i>Diplodia mutila</i> Causing Wood Necrosis in Hazelnut |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of Chemical and Biological Fungicides for the Control of <i>Diplodia mutila</i> Causing Wood Necrosis in Hazelnut |
| title_short | Assessment of Chemical and Biological Fungicides for the Control of <i>Diplodia mutila</i> Causing Wood Necrosis in Hazelnut |
| title_sort | assessment of chemical and biological fungicides for the control of i diplodia mutila i causing wood necrosis in hazelnut |
| topic | <i>Corylus avellana</i> L. fungal trunk disease fungicides biocontrol agents <i>Pseudomonas protegens</i> ChC7 <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> QST 713 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/19/2753 |
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