Sensitive Detection of Biomarker in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Based on Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence by Nanochannel-Confined Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocatalyst
The sensitive detection of inflammatory biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is highly desirable for the evaluation of periodontal disease. Luminol-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensors offer a promising approach for the fast and convenient detection of biomarkers. However, lum...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Changfeng Zhu Yujiao Zhao Jiyang Liu |
| author_facet | Changfeng Zhu Yujiao Zhao Jiyang Liu |
| author_sort | Changfeng Zhu |
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| description | The sensitive detection of inflammatory biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is highly desirable for the evaluation of periodontal disease. Luminol-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensors offer a promising approach for the fast and convenient detection of biomarkers. However, luminol’s low ECL efficiency under neutral conditions remains a challenge. This study developed an immunosensor by engineering an immunorecognition interface on the outer surface of mesoporous silica nanochannel film (SNF) and confining a Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocatalyst within the SNF nanochannels to improve the luminol ECL efficiency. The SNF was grown on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode using the simple Stöber solution growth method. A Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocatalyst was successfully confined within the SNF nanochannels through in situ electrodeposition, confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical measurements. The confined Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> demonstrated excellent electrocatalytic activity, effectively enhancing luminol and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> oxidation and boosting the ECL signal under neutral conditions. Using interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a proof-of-concept demonstration, the epoxy functionalization of the SNF outer surface enabled the covalent immobilization of capture antibodies, forming a specific immunorecognition interface. IL-6 binding induced immunocomplex formation, which reduced the ECL signal and allowed for quantitative detection. The immunosensor showed a linear detection range for IL-6 from 1 fg mL<sup>−1</sup> to 10 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.64 fg mL<sup>−1</sup>. It also demonstrated good selectivity and anti-interference capabilities, enabling the successful detection of IL-6 in artificial GCF samples. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-d8adc7a3473d45768e76e629852ae0ec2025-01-24T13:25:36ZengMDPI AGBiosensors2079-63742025-01-011516310.3390/bios15010063Sensitive Detection of Biomarker in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Based on Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence by Nanochannel-Confined Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NanocatalystChangfeng Zhu0Yujiao Zhao1Jiyang Liu2Department of Stomatology, Beijing Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing 100039, ChinaSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, ChinaSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, ChinaThe sensitive detection of inflammatory biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is highly desirable for the evaluation of periodontal disease. Luminol-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensors offer a promising approach for the fast and convenient detection of biomarkers. However, luminol’s low ECL efficiency under neutral conditions remains a challenge. This study developed an immunosensor by engineering an immunorecognition interface on the outer surface of mesoporous silica nanochannel film (SNF) and confining a Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocatalyst within the SNF nanochannels to improve the luminol ECL efficiency. The SNF was grown on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode using the simple Stöber solution growth method. A Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocatalyst was successfully confined within the SNF nanochannels through in situ electrodeposition, confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical measurements. The confined Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> demonstrated excellent electrocatalytic activity, effectively enhancing luminol and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> oxidation and boosting the ECL signal under neutral conditions. Using interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a proof-of-concept demonstration, the epoxy functionalization of the SNF outer surface enabled the covalent immobilization of capture antibodies, forming a specific immunorecognition interface. IL-6 binding induced immunocomplex formation, which reduced the ECL signal and allowed for quantitative detection. The immunosensor showed a linear detection range for IL-6 from 1 fg mL<sup>−1</sup> to 10 ng mL<sup>−1</sup>, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.64 fg mL<sup>−1</sup>. It also demonstrated good selectivity and anti-interference capabilities, enabling the successful detection of IL-6 in artificial GCF samples.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/15/1/63electrochemiluminescenceimmunosensornanochannel-confinedCo<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>luminol |
| spellingShingle | Changfeng Zhu Yujiao Zhao Jiyang Liu Sensitive Detection of Biomarker in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Based on Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence by Nanochannel-Confined Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocatalyst Biosensors electrochemiluminescence immunosensor nanochannel-confined Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> luminol |
| title | Sensitive Detection of Biomarker in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Based on Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence by Nanochannel-Confined Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocatalyst |
| title_full | Sensitive Detection of Biomarker in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Based on Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence by Nanochannel-Confined Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocatalyst |
| title_fullStr | Sensitive Detection of Biomarker in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Based on Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence by Nanochannel-Confined Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocatalyst |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sensitive Detection of Biomarker in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Based on Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence by Nanochannel-Confined Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocatalyst |
| title_short | Sensitive Detection of Biomarker in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Based on Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence by Nanochannel-Confined Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocatalyst |
| title_sort | sensitive detection of biomarker in gingival crevicular fluid based on enhanced electrochemiluminescence by nanochannel confined co sub 3 sub o sub 4 sub nanocatalyst |
| topic | electrochemiluminescence immunosensor nanochannel-confined Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> luminol |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/15/1/63 |
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