Integrative Network Pharmacology to Evaluate Bioactive Phytochemicals of Aesculus hippocastanum and Their Multitarget Mechanisms Against Chronic Venous Insufficiency

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) affects the venous system of the lower limbs, leading to pain, edema, skin anomalies, ulceration, and extended venous hypertension. Aesculus hippocastanum seed extract has been traditionally used for CVI treatment. This study aims to elucidate its mechanism of acti...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Zeeshan Shokat, Muhammad Sufyan, Abdulrahman Alshammari, Norah A. Albekairi, Thamer H. Albekairi, Mohsin Khurshid, Umair Waqas, Usman Ali Ashfaq
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2025-01-01
Series:Scientifica
Online Access:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/sci5/6871086
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