The association of cigarette smoking with the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy: based on cross-sectional survey and mendelian randomization
Abstract Background The relationship between cigarette smoking and diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains controversial, as existing studies have yielded inconsistent results. This study aimed to investigate the association between smoking and both the development and progression of DR. Methods This stud...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Journal of Translational Medicine |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-024-06002-z |
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