Development of flavonoid-loaded chitosan composite from Kalanchoe pinnata for antibacterial applications

Abstract The improper use of antibiotics in treating bacterial infections leads to the development of multi-drug-resistant strains. To address this issue, there is a growing demand for new antibiotic alternatives for the management of bacterial illnesses. In this study, we synthesized a cost-effecti...

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Main Authors: Md Mobarok Karim, Tahera Lasker, Md Ali Zaber Sahin, Rafiul Alam Nahian, Robby Gus Mahardika, Arif Ashari, Heru Agung Saputra
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-03-01
Series:Discover Chemistry
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s44371-025-00143-w
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author Md Mobarok Karim
Tahera Lasker
Md Ali Zaber Sahin
Rafiul Alam Nahian
Robby Gus Mahardika
Arif Ashari
Heru Agung Saputra
author_facet Md Mobarok Karim
Tahera Lasker
Md Ali Zaber Sahin
Rafiul Alam Nahian
Robby Gus Mahardika
Arif Ashari
Heru Agung Saputra
author_sort Md Mobarok Karim
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The improper use of antibiotics in treating bacterial infections leads to the development of multi-drug-resistant strains. To address this issue, there is a growing demand for new antibiotic alternatives for the management of bacterial illnesses. In this study, we synthesized a cost-effective antibacterial composite with efficient performance, by loading Kalanchoe pinnata leaf-extracted flavonoids (KPFs) into a chitosan biopolymer matrix. The KPFs-loaded chitosan was characterized by spectroscopy and surface analyses. The synergistic antibacterial effects of the KPFs/chitosan composite were evaluated against bacterial isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, demonstrating satisfactory data. The disc diffusion assays revealed inhibition zones ranging from 14 to 26.5 mm, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations were found to be in the range of 10–15 µg/mL and 45–60 µg/mL, respectively. The kill-time kinetics study showed that all tested bacteria were killed in less than or within 6 h. In addition, the KPFs-loaded chitosan composite showed a clear significant improvement in the antibacterial effect as compared to its individual components (KPFs or chitosan alone). Conclusively, this research shows that plant-based antibiotics combined with functional natural polymers are sustainable and cost-effective solutions to fight bacterial infections.
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spelling doaj-art-d6d2df9eee5149fcb92b45702e964d332025-08-20T02:10:17ZengSpringerDiscover Chemistry3005-11932025-03-012111310.1007/s44371-025-00143-wDevelopment of flavonoid-loaded chitosan composite from Kalanchoe pinnata for antibacterial applicationsMd Mobarok Karim0Tahera Lasker1Md Ali Zaber Sahin2Rafiul Alam Nahian3Robby Gus Mahardika4Arif Ashari5Heru Agung Saputra6Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural UniversityDepartment of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Chemistry, University of Bangka BelitungDepartment of Chemistry, Sumatera Institute of TechnologyAsosiasi Peneliti Indonesia di Korea (APIK)Abstract The improper use of antibiotics in treating bacterial infections leads to the development of multi-drug-resistant strains. To address this issue, there is a growing demand for new antibiotic alternatives for the management of bacterial illnesses. In this study, we synthesized a cost-effective antibacterial composite with efficient performance, by loading Kalanchoe pinnata leaf-extracted flavonoids (KPFs) into a chitosan biopolymer matrix. The KPFs-loaded chitosan was characterized by spectroscopy and surface analyses. The synergistic antibacterial effects of the KPFs/chitosan composite were evaluated against bacterial isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, demonstrating satisfactory data. The disc diffusion assays revealed inhibition zones ranging from 14 to 26.5 mm, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations were found to be in the range of 10–15 µg/mL and 45–60 µg/mL, respectively. The kill-time kinetics study showed that all tested bacteria were killed in less than or within 6 h. In addition, the KPFs-loaded chitosan composite showed a clear significant improvement in the antibacterial effect as compared to its individual components (KPFs or chitosan alone). Conclusively, this research shows that plant-based antibiotics combined with functional natural polymers are sustainable and cost-effective solutions to fight bacterial infections.https://doi.org/10.1007/s44371-025-00143-wAntibacterial agentBacterial infectionChitosan matrixFlavonoids-loaded chitosan compositeKalanchoe pinnata-derived flavonoidsMulti-drug-resistant bacteria
spellingShingle Md Mobarok Karim
Tahera Lasker
Md Ali Zaber Sahin
Rafiul Alam Nahian
Robby Gus Mahardika
Arif Ashari
Heru Agung Saputra
Development of flavonoid-loaded chitosan composite from Kalanchoe pinnata for antibacterial applications
Discover Chemistry
Antibacterial agent
Bacterial infection
Chitosan matrix
Flavonoids-loaded chitosan composite
Kalanchoe pinnata-derived flavonoids
Multi-drug-resistant bacteria
title Development of flavonoid-loaded chitosan composite from Kalanchoe pinnata for antibacterial applications
title_full Development of flavonoid-loaded chitosan composite from Kalanchoe pinnata for antibacterial applications
title_fullStr Development of flavonoid-loaded chitosan composite from Kalanchoe pinnata for antibacterial applications
title_full_unstemmed Development of flavonoid-loaded chitosan composite from Kalanchoe pinnata for antibacterial applications
title_short Development of flavonoid-loaded chitosan composite from Kalanchoe pinnata for antibacterial applications
title_sort development of flavonoid loaded chitosan composite from kalanchoe pinnata for antibacterial applications
topic Antibacterial agent
Bacterial infection
Chitosan matrix
Flavonoids-loaded chitosan composite
Kalanchoe pinnata-derived flavonoids
Multi-drug-resistant bacteria
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s44371-025-00143-w
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