The epidemiologic case for urban health: conceptualizing and measuring the magnitude of challenges and potential benefits [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations]

We discuss how epidemiology has been and can continue to be used to advance understanding of the links between urban areas and health informed by an existing urban-health conceptual framework. This framework considers urban areas as contexts for health, determinants of health and modifiers of health...

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Main Authors: David Rojas-Rueda, Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Audrey de Nazelle, Michael D. Garber, Tarik Benmarhnia
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: F1000 Research Ltd 2025-03-01
Series:F1000Research
Subjects:
Online Access:https://f1000research.com/articles/13-950/v2
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author David Rojas-Rueda
Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
Audrey de Nazelle
Michael D. Garber
Tarik Benmarhnia
author_facet David Rojas-Rueda
Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
Audrey de Nazelle
Michael D. Garber
Tarik Benmarhnia
author_sort David Rojas-Rueda
collection DOAJ
description We discuss how epidemiology has been and can continue to be used to advance understanding of the links between urban areas and health informed by an existing urban-health conceptual framework. This framework considers urban areas as contexts for health, determinants of health and modifiers of health pathways, and part of a complex system that affects health. We highlight opportunities for descriptive epidemiology to inform the context of urban health, for example, by characterizing the social and physical environments that give rise to health and the actions that change those conditions. We then describe inferential tools for evaluating the impact of group-level actions (e.g., interventions, policies) on urban health, providing some examples, and describing assumptions and challenges. Finally, we discuss opportunities and challenges of applying systems thinking and methods to advance urban health. While different conceptual frames lead to different insights, each perspective demonstrates that urban health is a major and growing challenge. The effectiveness of urban health knowledge, action, and policy as the world continues to urbanize can be informed by applying and expanding upon research and surveillance methods described here.
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spelling doaj-art-d61a622868bb45de88155db01ac5a7fe2025-08-20T03:02:55ZengF1000 Research LtdF1000Research2046-14022025-03-011310.12688/f1000research.154967.2178856The epidemiologic case for urban health: conceptualizing and measuring the magnitude of challenges and potential benefits [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations]David Rojas-Rueda0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5854-2484Mark Nieuwenhuijsen1Audrey de Nazelle2Michael D. Garber3Tarik Benmarhnia4Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USABarcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, SpainImperial College London Centre for Environmental Policy, London, England, UKScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USAScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USAWe discuss how epidemiology has been and can continue to be used to advance understanding of the links between urban areas and health informed by an existing urban-health conceptual framework. This framework considers urban areas as contexts for health, determinants of health and modifiers of health pathways, and part of a complex system that affects health. We highlight opportunities for descriptive epidemiology to inform the context of urban health, for example, by characterizing the social and physical environments that give rise to health and the actions that change those conditions. We then describe inferential tools for evaluating the impact of group-level actions (e.g., interventions, policies) on urban health, providing some examples, and describing assumptions and challenges. Finally, we discuss opportunities and challenges of applying systems thinking and methods to advance urban health. While different conceptual frames lead to different insights, each perspective demonstrates that urban health is a major and growing challenge. The effectiveness of urban health knowledge, action, and policy as the world continues to urbanize can be informed by applying and expanding upon research and surveillance methods described here.https://f1000research.com/articles/13-950/v2Urban health Epidemiology Global health Policy evaluation Public health surveillanceeng
spellingShingle David Rojas-Rueda
Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
Audrey de Nazelle
Michael D. Garber
Tarik Benmarhnia
The epidemiologic case for urban health: conceptualizing and measuring the magnitude of challenges and potential benefits [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations]
F1000Research
Urban health
Epidemiology
Global health
Policy evaluation
Public health surveillance
eng
title The epidemiologic case for urban health: conceptualizing and measuring the magnitude of challenges and potential benefits [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations]
title_full The epidemiologic case for urban health: conceptualizing and measuring the magnitude of challenges and potential benefits [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations]
title_fullStr The epidemiologic case for urban health: conceptualizing and measuring the magnitude of challenges and potential benefits [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations]
title_full_unstemmed The epidemiologic case for urban health: conceptualizing and measuring the magnitude of challenges and potential benefits [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations]
title_short The epidemiologic case for urban health: conceptualizing and measuring the magnitude of challenges and potential benefits [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations]
title_sort epidemiologic case for urban health conceptualizing and measuring the magnitude of challenges and potential benefits version 2 peer review 1 approved 2 approved with reservations
topic Urban health
Epidemiology
Global health
Policy evaluation
Public health surveillance
eng
url https://f1000research.com/articles/13-950/v2
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